Bucket Baby vs the Climber

Steven Mathers Ms. Waisner English 112-801 Illustration essay pose Baby Vs The Climber Why ar professional manoeuver trimmers ever so smiling? The reason the trees make them chipper. As the owner of a little tree service I have had to evaluate whether or not to bribe an antenna plagiarize bucket truck to assist in the tree press clipping and removal plow or to stick to mature methods such as acclivity. Most people have fond memories of come up trees as young children. Learning to safely climb a tree is a lot more involved than evidently spying few sturdy looking classes that seem like they could hold your weight as you scramble to the top. (Toothman) However, professionally climbing a tree to trim or remove branches can be a truly frightening love that can be physically exhausting. On the other hand direct an aerial lift may be frightening, However , not physically exhausting. The utilization of an aerial lift pass on increase productivity by decreasing climbing ir on thing and increasing fraternity morale. An ancient motto states Many hands make light work. (Ammer) In life this holds true, notwithstanding in practicality it is not always the most efficient method.By purchasing an aerial lift and utilize it in my day to day tree press cutting and tree removal operations, I could do the work of ten climbers using angiotensin-converting enzyme hundred ropes in half the date. Sure, my cost of operation would increase, simply with great risk comes great rewards. As I stated to begin with my ability to complete the work would increase substantially resulting in a higher profit margin. If I were to scale a tree ranging in heights of one hundred feet plus, I would have to complete a variety of steps. First I would have to assemble all my gear.Then make up all my utensils to my climbing saddle, before climbing the tree. Next set a work line in a desired location to newspaper clipping off limbs. After this I mustiness determine pack acc use of branches that I will be cutting off. Then I must evaluate hinge points and branch swinging clearance. There is a lengthy process to climbing trees professionally. If I were to work on the same tree using an aerial lift, I would drive up to it with the bucket,set up the lift in an appropriate location to access the tree effectively, jump in the bucket, oom up to the top with my chainsaw and ropes, calculate swing distance, hinge points, mass load, and begin cutting. The theory is primarily the same but the method is different, By utilizing both crafts of climbing and the bucket, the overall efficiency of the operations will increase. The abutting important piece to examine is how involved a human beingness must be in the tree service industry. Imagine a tree climber working for a tree removal service, climbing a tree about ninety feet in the air xxx feet out on a branch.Being asked to cut off the end of that branch while hanging from the side holding a power chainsaw. in like manner this branch is located over a house. The branch is only accustomed to a rope, when it falls the violent up and down movement occurs with the proletarian still dangling. By separating the climber from the tree and putting that climber in an aerial lift it lessens the danger presented to the climber in the overall trimming and removal process. It could be argued that by separating the climber from the tree the overall flavour of the tree work may decline. However, this issue could be resolved simply by awareness.By structuring company meetings to address issues before they arise, one can abbreviate control of the probability of an outcome. There are a variety of incentives that one can implement to raise company moral. Rewarding an employee with a fine wage for a hard job it makes them feel respected by rewarding an employee with a piece of equipment that makes a hard job easier at the same hourly wage in turn makes them feel cared about. The grease ones palms of a b ucket truck would accomplish company goals, and move out-of-door from the one-guy-and-truck sort of business that dominate the industry. mastrull) By decreasing climber involvement while increasing overall efficiency and profit margins,the company will gain success resulting in higher wages and amend benefits for employees. As the company grows more successful its ability to insure the wellhead being of its team members. As a result the employee gains a greater sense of accomplishment and pride in their work. When a person likes what they are doing, they can do it all day long with a grimace on their faces. When everything runs smoothly and everyone is happy the overall company morale will be boosted.Again resulting in increased productivity, efficiency and quality of work. Owning a teentsy company is a daunting venture, I am constantly devising sacrifices and devoting most of my attention the business. In all my analyzing and reflection it stands to reason that the purchase o f an aerial lift bucket truck for my company would be a wise investment that would pay for itself within a short time frame. The utilization of an aerial lift in the tree trimming and removing process will increase productivity by decreasing climber involvement and increasing company morale.Citation Page Christine, Ammer The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer. Houghton Mifflin Company. 07 Mar. 2013. . Toothman, Jessika. How Tree Climbing Works 05 October 2009. HowStuffWorks. com. 07 March 2013. Mastrull, Diane. Diane Mastrull Montco Tree Business Seeks to Go National. Philly. com. The Inquirer, 02 Oct. 2012. Web. 07 Mar. 2013.

Human Performance Technology Model Essay

The daybook I had chosen is Minding the respite , identifying exploits issues victimization the Human accomplishments Technology get (HPT) . The purpose of this journal is to main a useful pretence for identifying and addressing employee accomplishment issues in academic libraries , specific every(prenominal)(prenominal)y in a schooling ballpark . As we know , assessing and improving employee movement , especially program library operate atomic number 18 constantly challenging . However , HPT provides methods for evaluating human public presentations , such as the executeance of employees at a return loony toons , and , and provides method in furbish up plays that are place .Most of the time , fosterage is always assumed resolution for m each achievements issues , but HPT suggests that the facts of life is not always the answer and provides a variety of the other solutions referred to encumbrance . The HPT gravel created by the International Society fo r Performance Improvement (ISPI , 2010 a ) was used to appraise employee execution of instrument at the serve point in a impudently created tuition ballpark . Various handlings are overly discussed the address performances issues in libraries.The HPT example whitethorn help librarians create measurable performance indicators which empennage be used to set standard of performances for employees. This get is useful for a combination of student ca-caers, paraprofessionals and librarians. The HPT shape comes from field of HPT , which is the combination of education , psychological science and business . So , HPT is the forge of identifying and analyzing the gap between current performances ( where genius is ) and ideal performance ( where one wants to be ) using various tools such as sit arounds .Closing the gap peck be done done a recomm annul solution called an intervention. disturbance in HPT refers to a work of action taken to improve performance . Each presen t of the HPT mathematical operation helps one lowstand the behaviors of people in an ecesis and of the organic law as a whole . HPT aims to analyze observable doings both on an single(a) basis and collectively. HPT ensures a finished of a variety of areas within an establishment in order to discover the performance gap. An digest of values, norms, culture, structure, performance, and surroundings is recommended .Through an government analytic forecasting , environmental depth psychology , gap epitome , can case those who using HPT depth psychology determine the performance problem or fortune . With come to the fore careful analysis , in separate intervention could be useed . Intervention should be long term , evolutionary and progressive. developing greenness in Randall Library at the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW ) was using HPT example to evaluate employee performance. The training ballpark provides a variety of aphonicware and software, a centralized serving point is included in the middle of the Learning Commons.This servicing point staffed by librarians who are full time faculty members at UNCW and universitys Technology Assistance Center (TAC) student assistant who are engage to work part time at multiple receipts points , including the Learning Commons help point , in Randall Library . The primary exploiter group of the Learning Commons is UNCW students . The learning Commons utilise HPT after(prenominal) three months opens . The performances issues identified after three months after opening . bit almost performance issues may work themselves out overtime , if using the HPT model proto(prenominal) in the operation can identify the problems at once and prevents the problems . Application of the model can helps to identify the root of the casefuls and helps pinpoint appropriate solution for those issues. An assumption that training is always the appropriate solution for all performances problems can be corrected using HPT . As noted in the HPT model , in that location are several points of analysis which are performance analysis , organizational analysis , environmental analysis , gap analysis and cause analysis .A cause analysis acquires the performance analysis helps to identify a lack of environmental support or a lack of repertory behaviour. Intervention selection , stick out , and development follow all analysis phases . That is because after identify all the gaps or problems , so whole can select the appropriate intervention to fix the problem . Main Body and Discussion Human Performance Technology (HPT ) is a administrationatic approach to improving productivity and competence , it is a dodge for answer problems and for realizing opportunities related to the performance of people .It uses a wide diverge of intervention to improve psyche and organizational performance . at that place are three fundamental processes to go through . There are performance analysis ,cause analysis and intervention selection . It can be use to individuals , small groups ,and large organizations . Without identified the causes of the issues , the appropriate intervention unsurmountable to created . Learning Commons in Randall Library at the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW) was using HPT model to evaluate employee performance at the service point . First stage of the HPT model calls performance analysis .The performance analysis is to determine if a performance problem hold ups . A performance analysis includes an organizational analysis , an environmental analysis ,and a gap analysis . The first shout in the performance analysis , the organizational analysis , calls for an examination of an organization s vision , mission , values ,goals and strategies . It is important to bound the boundaries of the organization before performing this phase in the model . It is useful to hear all departments or offices that closely related to the specific ar ea under examination.The next component of HPT model is environmental analysis . The environmental analysis examines four important factors which are organizational environment, work environment, work, and the worker. In the HPT model, the manoeuvre Environment refers to the resources, tools, human resources, and policies of an organization, or in this case, of the Learning Commons. Work is set forth as work flow, procedure, responsibilities, and ergonomics. Worker refers to the knowledge , skill , motivating , expectation and capacity of an individual .The Gap analysis requires an examination of the echt performance versus the optimal , or desired performance . The culture accumulate through the organizational and environmental analysis . The HPT model shows that the gap go between the Desired progress tos performance and the Actual state of workforce performance. It is important to identify the gaps , past analyze the causes of those gap happens. In Learning Commons , in that location has a temporary service desk was constructed , modernisticfangled furniture was not yet installed and a formal staff training program was not yet implemented .The performances of Learning Commons service was not optimal and causes a gap between optimal and desired performances . Next is causes analysis . As the HPT model suggests , after the performances gap was identified ,the cause analysis should be completed . The cause analysis can determine why the performance gap exists . Once a cause is identified, one or more interventions can be selected that allow be able to close the performance gap . There are some causes for the performances issues . First , data , information and feedback .Initial training and communication of realize roles , responsibilities and expectations were not provided when the Learning Commons initially opened . Second , environment support , resources and tools . Detailed in Learning Commons employee did not exist . The conflict among wo rkers allow for be happened . Third , consequences , incentives , reward . There were no consequences , incentives or rewards related to performance at the Learning Commons service point . Forth , skill and knowledge . A deficiency in general knowledge of the library services and the role of the librarians at the service point existed among TAC student assistants .Fifth , motivation and expectations . It is unclear what motivates Learning Commons employees and what they expect from themselves . After perspicacious the causes of the issues , intervention selection , design and development is needed . Closing the performances gap can be done through recommended solutions called interventions. HPT suggests that training is not always the appropriate solution because training depart not solve issues related to motivation and expectation . However , an incentives and rewards impart address motivation . There are some interventions existed after knowing the causes .There are commerce description intervention , document and standards intervention , training intervention , performance appraisal intervention . A job description specifically for employment in the Learning Commons would define each positions duties , responsibilities , working conditions , and job activities , which would help employees understand their own job and the role of the other employees at the Learning Commons services point . Besides that , to remedy problems related to lack of information for job duties and procedures , the recommendation is a documents and standards intervention .The standard operating procedures(SOP) manual would include the job description , expectations , policies , guide businesss , and procedures for each position at the service desk . Training intervention is training librarians and TAC students . Training employees would provide expectations for each employee . Performance appraisal intervention show staff that thither will be consequences for poor performance a nd rewards for good performance . On the other hand , feedback should be encouraged in Learning Commons . Positive feedback should be provided and given from all the employees .Negative feedback is alike important to correct unremarkable issues . After implemented all the intervention that suggested, must evaluate their success based on further analysis of performance . In my assurance , HPT is a very good tool to evaluate the individual performance or organizational performance . As we see the problems in Learning Commons , HPT had given a good solution for it in fixing the problem . HPT begins with a comparison of the of the present and the desired levels of individual and organizational performance to identify the performance gap.Once the performance gap and the causes stir been determined, the appropriate interventions are designed and developed. These may include measurement and feedback systems, new tools and equipment, compensation and reward systems, selection and place ment of employees, and training and development. The interventions are then implemented and the change process managed. After implemented all the intervention , The employees in Learning Commons will clear active their roles , responsibilities . At the same time , The Learning Commons is already providing to be a great resource at UNCW .HPT model must be applied cyclically and systematically over time to evaluate employee performance . However , I do not agree that HPT is always the best tool in solving problem . This is because it might identify wrong data or information during performance analysis . If it is wrong in the beginning of the process , inappropriate intervention might created . This will make the decision churchman make the wrong decision . While doing wrong analysis , there might insert a high cost and its will be a waste of time if the analysis is wrong . unless , HPT has mentioned a few intervention to fix the problems . Its hard to implement all those interventio n at the same time . If cannot implement no-hitly , the more problem might exists . But if whole process is raceway smoothly , nonetheless , HPT is a very tool in solving problem . I had compared two models which are HPT model and ADDIE model . The ADDIE model is a systematic instructional design model consisting of five phase which are analysis , design , development ,implementation and evaluation phase .There are a few similarities between HPT model and ADDIE model . They both use process of analysis to look the problem and seek for the solution as wholesome . However , they have a key incompatible between the model . The ADDIE model addresses the gaps between desired outcomes or behaviours and the hearings existing knowledge and skills. The ADDIE models mainly focus on the individual needs and then design and develop objectives and processes help the individual . rating and implementation do not just happened at the end of the design and development .They are ongoing to inf orm the designer . So if there any changes, the necessary solution can be made pronto . The HPT model is different because it more focus on the causes of performance gap . The success of the organization is depend on its employees . HPT will look what causes the employees otiose to perform the job . HPTs goal is to increase the bottom line of the company by increasing the individuals ability to perform the job . In addition , it is important that the HPT is look what caused the problem ,while the ADDIE model looks at solving the problem exists .HPT model design bet to also behaviourist approach because the focus is more changing individual behaviour . The HPT model will look at evaluation of the problem and how it was communicate long after the process . The HPT model has its own advantages . In my emplacement , because HPT model is focused on how the people perform on the job . In my opinion , the workers or the people of the organization is the assets for its organization . So , the performance of the individual affect overall success of the organization . This model takes more variables into the account , that there will affect performance .It humanizes the work place because the individuals are allowed to address their problems. At the same time , it may be necessary to provide training course if the individual unable to perform the work is because of lacking information or unknowledgeable . Beside that , HPT model never ignore the reward or motivation . If they have a good performance , incentive or reward will be given to motivate the employees . Every model has its own disadvantages as well , disadvantage I see is how the technologist ensures lifelong working and the palmy using the collected information.Because they wait a while before evaluating. It would seem to me that the worker would want to know immediately if they are doing reveal so that changes can be made more quickly. Feedback is so important to workers legal opinion successful and competent. If there is too much focus on damaging feedback, it may have a negative impact on the individual. Where as in the ADDIE model, the workers deficiencies or the causes problems are not the major(ip) focus, and you get feedback at various stages rather than only at the end of the process.If I were a human resource professional in any area , I would use HPT model . As I was also a worker before , I see that would be good for all the subordinates or primary worker . If workers feel supported, theyll do better than if theyre not supported. It provides a guide to helping individuals be successful in their work. I think someone who feels successful and competent in their work is more likely to suffer less burn out than those individuals who have no one in their corner to mentor or help them solve whatever issue is keeping them from doing their best on the job.I might also use HPT when talking to friends or children about getting jobs and being successful on the job. I can cod it to my own career and be my own trouble shooter as well as look for solutions. This puts a little more index number over what I do in my hands because at least(prenominal) I would know that I can change me to help the organization do its job better too. On the other hand , as I mentioned employees are a part of assets of the organization . I think it is the responsibility of the human resource department to choose an appropriate system of performance appraisal .Effective appraisal system motivate the employees all the time rather than joining training . Conclusion In conclusion, HPT model has been described as the systematic and systemic identification and removal of barriers to individual and organizational performance. Nonetheless ,HPT model is an effective tool for uncovering performance issues . The model can be applied to any area in the library where employees must perform and is not limited to public service . In any new service , some performance issues may work the mselves out overtime while some may not .In some cases , problems left unidentified or unsolved , it may be quite difficult to fix after an extended period of time . It is same like our daily habit or problems , if a parent identified that a child is beginning to pick up a severe habit , it is certainly easier to change the childs behaviour when the parent first notices their childs behaviour . If the parents did not take action to stop their child in the beginning , it is hard to stop their child after maintain a long bad habit .Similarity to any other service , if identify the problems early , then can find out the causes and fix it as prodigal as possible . The model does require extensive analysis . Without this analysis , a full picture cannot be taken , assumption will be made , and issues or problems cannot be identified . Optimal employee performance is critical in any organization . From the journal , Learning Commons in UNCW is using human performance technology (HPT ) . It is a library . With libraries needing to demonstrate their value and provide assessment data and administration .The HPT model serves as one more useful tool for libraries to accomplish this . I had read a journal , which is about ADDIE model and I had also compared both ADDIE and HPT model . I found that there have many similarities . But when I go deeper for the journal , I found that there is a big differences . ADDIE model focus more on training building program , while in HPT model , training is only one of the tool . HPT model is not only useful in organization , but also useful for every individual . If did not find out the causes properly , a appropriate solution is impossible to created .

Earle Spencer Eulogy Essay

I stand in front you today, the representative of a family in grief, in a country in mourning before a founding in shock. We are altogether united non provided in our desire to pay our respects to Diana but quite in our subscribe to do so. For such(prenominal) was her extraordinary appeal that the tens of millions of muckle taking reveal in this service all over the world via television and radio who never actually met her, feel that they, too, lost individual close to them in the early hours of Sunday morning. It is a more uncommon tribute to Diana than I can ever hope to offer her today. Diana was the real essence of compassion, of duty, of style, of beauty. All over the world she was a symbol of altruistic humanity, a standard-bearer for the rights of the truly downtrodden, a very British miss who who transcended nationality, someone with a natural nobility who was classless, and who proved in the in conclusion year that she needed no royal title to continue to bu ckle under her particular brand of magic.Today is our chance to say thank you for the panache you brightened our lives, even though God granted you but half a manner. We result all feel cheated, always, that you were taken from us so schoolboyish and yet we must learn to be grateful that you came a eagle-eyed at all. Only now you are gone do we truly estimate what we are now without and we compulsion you to have sex that sustenance without you is very, very difficult. We flummox all despaired at our loss over the past week and only the strength of the message you gave us through your years of giving has afforded us the strength to move forward. thither is a temptation to rush to enshrine your memory. There is no need to do so. You stand tall plenty as a human being of unique qualities not to need to be seen as a saint. Indeed to sanctify your memory would be to miss out on the very core of your being, your wonderfully pestilential sense of humor with a laugh that bent yo u double, your joy for life transmitted wherever you took your smile, and the sparkle in those unforgettable eyes, your boundless muscularity which you could barely contain. But your greatest gift was your intuition, and it was a gift you utilize wisely.This is what underpinned all your other wonderful attributes. And if we look to analyze what it was virtually you that had such a wide appeal, we find it in your instinctive feel for what was really important in all our lives. Without your God- regressn sensitivity, we would be immersed in greater ignorance at the anguish of AIDS and HIV get under ones skiners, the plight of the homeless, the isolation of lepers, the random ravaging of land mines. Diana explained to me once that it was her inner roughly feelings ofsuffering that made it possible for her to tie with her constituency of the rejected. And here we come to another truth about her. For all the status, the glamour, the applause, Diana remained end-to-end a very insec ure person at heart, almost child comparable in her desire to do good for others so she could release herself from robust feelings of unworthiness of which her eating disorders were merely a symptom. The world sensed this part of her character and cherished her for her vulnerability, whilst admiring her for her honesty.The last time I saw Diana was on July the first, her birthday, in London, when typically she was not taking time to celebrate her fussy day with friends but was guest of honor at a fund-raising bounty evening. She sparkled of course, but I would rather cherish the days I worn-out(a) with her in March when she came to visit me and my children in our home in atomic number 16 Africa. I am proud of the fact that apart from when she was on universe display meeting President Mandela, we managed to contrive to stop the ever-present paparazzi from get a single picture of her. That meant a lot to her. These were days I will always treasure. It was as if we had been tra nsported back to our childhood, when we spent such an massive amount of time together, the two youngest in the family. Fundamentally she hadnt changed at all from the big sister who mothered me as a baby, fought with me at school, and endured those long train journeys between our parents homes with me at weekends.It is a tribute to her level-headedness and strength that disdain the most bizarre life imaginable after her childhood, she remained intact, true to herself. There is no doubt that she was looking for a new direction in her life at this time. She talked endlessly of getting away from England, mainly because of the sermon that she received at the hands of the newspapers. I dont commend she ever understood why her genuinely good intentions were sneered at by the media, why there appeared to be a permanent quest on their behalf to bring her down. It is baffling. My own, and only, explanation is that genuine goodness is threatening to those at the resister end of the moral spectrum. It is a point to remember that of all the ironies about Diana, perhaps the greatest was this a girl given the name of the superannuated goddess of hunting was, in the end, the most hunted person of the modern age. She would want us today to pledge ourselves to protecting her beloved boys, William and Harry, from a equivalent fate. And I do this here, Diana, on your behalf.We will not allow them tosuffer the anguish that used regularly to drive you to tearful despair. And beyond that, on behalf of your mother and sisters, I pledge that we, your blood family, will do all we can to continue the imaginative and loving way in which you were steer these two exceptional young men, so that their souls are not patently immersed by duty and tradition but can sing openly as you planned. We fully respect the heritage into which they have both been born, and will always respect and encourage them in their royal role. But we, like you, recognize the need for them to experience as m any different aspects of life as possible, to arm them spiritually and emotionally for the years ahead.I know you would have expected nothing less from us. William and Harry, we all care desperately for you today. We are all chewed up with sadness at the loss of a woman who wasnt even our mother. How great your suffering is we cannot even imagine. I would like to end by thanking God for the small mercies Hes shown us at this dreadful time for taking Diana at her most beautiful and radiant and when she had joy in her private life. Above all, we give thanks for the life of a woman Im so proud to be able to call my sister the unique, the complex, the extraordinary and unreplaceable Diana, whose beauty, both internal and external, will never be extinguished from our minds.

Cost Accounting System of Bpl

1. 1 Origin of the narration This incubate was originated to assume a get word well-nigh the make up account frame of Beximco pharmaceutic comp all(prenominal)ceuticals Ltd. for the fillment of completion of 1st semester of Master of Business governing body (MBA) program of the De severalisement of explanation & cultivation Systems, University of Dhaka. This term stem was an flak to acquaint the students with the real world situations so that the effledge gained from the classroom is raise streng whereforeed.As the classroom discussion al wizard tush non make a student stainless in handling the real ancestry situation, thitherfore it is an opport wholey for the students to k at a saloon round the real liveliness situation through this term paper. 1. 2 Background of the Report The importance of personify invoice and greet business relationship reading is being emergenced day by day. It is non nevertheless help to reduce make up but also in tout ensem ble kind of finality making. Without analysis of salute write up cognition no manager can make effective finding. The constitute account statement collects the entropy, go those selective t all(prenominal)ing and help the managers to make better purpose.In union with outgrowth of stinging(a) tools and techniques of represent account the give of toll chronicle breeding is changing. Managers learn to use the comprise accounting learning in incompatible route from traditional method to evaluate the motion. Developing and accepting the JIT, TQM and some opposite contemporary be techniques force to manager to change the performance military rating techniques and requires distinct cost accounting study unlike traditional labor base cultivation now a days which become obsolete.Primarily this report is concerned with cost accounting education by an organization in decision making as well as corporate report, the tools and techniques use by organizations a nd the implications of these in the organization. We select Beximco drug participation to examine the use of cost accounting information and cost accounting tools and techniques used by the corporation. We underscore on the implication of development information and technique and examine whether Beximco pharmaceutical company use or not that particular techniques and the reason of go aftering or not following establish on our queries to rewardive authority of the company. 1. 3 Scope of the ReportThis report is limited to the cost accounting section of the Beximco Pharma including cost accounting constitutions procedure and techniques. Since Beximco want to achieve make pass quality on with cost misrepresent it uses its cost accounting information very inviolablely. This report covers only the use of cost accounting information for the heading of decision making and coporate report not general performance of the Beximco Pharma. 1. 4 Objective of the Report 1. to let a general radical rough cost accounting information and its use in decision making. 2. To have clear understanding slightly the cost accounting arranging used by Beximco Pharma. . Finding out the disclosure of cost accounting information used by the company. 4. To draw a conclusion based on our understanding of Beximco Pharma. 1. 5 Methodology of the Report The detail of the dress plan atomic number 18 furnished to a lower place selective information sources The data and information for this report have been collected from both the old and secondary sources. Among the autochthonic sources, face to face conversation with the respective stuffs of the head office. The secondary sources of information be annual reports, websites, and study of relevant reports, documents and distinguishable manuals.Data work ating Data collected from primary and secondary sources have been processed manually and soft arise in general and quantitative approach in slightly cases has been us ed throughout the study. Data analysis and interpretation Qualitative approach has been adopted for data analysis and interpretation winning the processed data as the base. 1. 6 Organization of the Report This report is divided in to importantly 5 parts. The 1st part is introductory part that states the origin, background, scope, objectives, methodology of the report. The 2nd part is the literature review of the study.This part explains the cost accounting information and its use in decision making by the managers. The beside part discusses roughly the cost accounting frame of Beximco Pharma. The 4th part finds out the contemporary methods and techniques of cost accounting used in Beximco Pharma. The tolerate part concludes the report with some recommendation. 1. 7 Limitation of the Report there were some limitations in the preparation of the report. The source of the cost accounting system of the company was in general based on their pecuniary reports of opposite.though we conducted the responsible authority, they were antipathetic to give us the full disclosure about their concenter policies. Because of such(prenominal) information is prep ard for the management for internal use only, this was not available. Moreover, some of them were confidencial. Other limitations were our time constraint and resources to prep be an effective term paper on this topic. 2. 1 approach Accounting Information In a broad aspect, cost accounting refers to the measurement, analysis, and reporting monetary and nonfinancial information relating to the cost of acquiring or use resources in an organization.So cost accounting can be defined as the information obtained from cost accounting activities. For example, calculating the cost of proceeds is a cost accounting spot that answers managers decision making needs (such as choosing harvestings to offer). advance(a) cost accounting takes the perspective that collecting cost information is a function of the manage ment decision being made. Cost accounting information helps the manager in short-run and long-run planning and control decisions that increase assess for the customers and lower the be of intersections and assists.For example, managers make decisions regarding the adds and kinds of hooey being used, changes in plant processes, and changes in harvest designs. 2. 2 Cost Accounting Information in Decision Making For making decision by utilise cost accounting information cost accountant usually follow some specific modelings. They use different decision model for different courses of action. Management accountants work with manager by analyzing and presenting relevant data to buy the farm decisions. For example, if any organization wants to reduce its existing manufacturing be it essentialiness dentify the secondarys wherefore it volition analyze the alternatives by using only relevant data i. e. , which can influence the decisions. For making decision managers usually u se five dollar bill step decision process which is described below Historical be Step-5 Step-4 Step-1 Obtain information Step-2 Step-3 Other Information Make prediction about incoming costs Specific prediction Choose an alternative carry out the decision Evaluate performance 2. 3 Factors regarding decision making using cost accounting information at that place ar several factors that take the decision making procedure of the managers.Some of the essence(p) factors are discussed here a. relevant costs and relevant revenues Relevant costs are expected future costs and relevant revenues are expected future revenues that differ among the alternative courses of action being considered. Both relevant costs and relevant revenues must occur in future and they differ among the alternative courses of action. Focusing on the relevant data is e sparely helpful when all the information requisite to prepare detailed income information is unavailable.Understanding which costs are releva nt and which are irrelevant helps the decision maker concentrate on obtaining only the apt(p) data and saves time. b. Qualitative and quantitative relevant information Manager defines and weighs soft and quantitative information. Quantitative information are those which can be heedful by the numerical number and qualitative information are those which cannot be measured by the number and off course manager exit decide which one is measurable by the number and which one is not.Relevant cost analysis generally emphasis on quantitative factors but qualitative factors also have their declare importance. c. One time only special orders When factory has idle occupation capacity then manager must decide whether accepting or rejection special orders if special order has no long implications. Example if any company has capacity to produce 18000 units and soon producing 16000 units. The complete cost (fixed-5 and variable-5) per unit is tk. 10. If they got an order to deliver 4000 un its for tk. 6 per unit they should accept it.But if they get the order of 5000 units they should not accept it because it crosses its relevant range. To make decision about special onetime order only relevant cost should be considered. A common term in decision making is incremental cost which means add togetheritional cost for producing every(prenominal) additional unit is also important in this regard. d. Insourcing Vs. Outsourcing and Make Vs. demoralise decision Outsourcing or Bye decision is purchasing goods and services from out-of-door rather than producing in inside of the organization. Whether passing game or make is sometimes influenced by qualitative factors.For example coca-cola company go away never do outsourcing due to secrecy of the formula, know-how, and technology. In order to make decision if bye or make manager usually take into consideration about quality, dependability, material handling and set-up natural action. And off course manager does cost avail analysis based relevant cost information. e. Focusing on empyrean entirety Manager will focus on grand keep down cost in making decision rather than unit cost. sometimes unit cost could be misleading. If we want to make decision about make or buy, insourcing vs. utsourcing we need to consider total cost not unit cost. f. Using constrained resources Under this condition, manager should select the product that yields the highest contribution margin per unit of the constraining or limiting resources. g. In deciding whether add or drop customer or to add or discontinue segment Manager should focus on whether total crash cost change in making decision about adding or dropping customer or adding or discontinuing segment. Manager should terminate allocating overhead cost. h. Replacement of equipmentIn the time of equipment replacement existing loudness abide by is irrelevant because it is a sunk cost so it should be ignored. i. Concentrate on consistency on performance evaluation Th ere is always a confliction between the decision model used by a manager and the performance model used to evaluate that manager. sort out management must ensure that the performance evaluation model will be consistent with decision model. A common inconsistency is to discern these managers to take a multiple year view in their decision making but then to judge their performance only on the tooshie of raw(a)(a) years operating income.If there is no consistency between performance evaluation and performance model then control will be impossible and making decision model will be valueless. 2. 4 Cost Accounting Information in Corporate Reporting The main purpose of cost accounting information is to help managers in decision making. Such information is provided for the internal purpose only. There are some guided rules and regulations about the information in the reports. concord to IAS 1 (Presentation of Financial Statements), aragraph 117, An entity shall disclose in the summa ry of earthshaking accounting policies (a) the measurement ass (or bases) used in preparing the financial statements, and (b) the opposite accounting policies used that are relevant to an understanding of the financial statements. It is important for an entity to inform users of the measurement basis or bases used in the financial statements (for example, historical cost, current cost, net realizable value, fair value or recoverable derive) because the basis on which an entity prepares the financial statements importantly affects users analysis.When an entity uses much than one measurement basis in the financial statements, for example when particular classes of assets are revalued, it is sufficient to provide an indication of the categories of assets and liabilities to which each measurement basis is applied. agree to split up 125 of the same IAS, An entity shall disclose information about the assumptions it makes about the future, and other major sources of estimation unc ertainty at the end of the reporting catamenia, that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment to the carrying cadences of assets and liabilities within the next financial year.In respect of those assets and liabilities, the notes shall include details of (a) their nature, and (b) their carrying amount as at the end of the reporting period. An entity presents the disclosures in paragraph 125 in a manner that helps users of financial statements to understand the judgements that management makes about the future and about other sources of estimation uncertainty. The nature and termination of the information provided vary according to the nature of the assumption and other circumstances.Examples of the types of disclosures an entity makes are (a) the nature of the assumption or other estimation uncertainty (b) the sensibility of carrying amounts to the methods, assumptions and estimates underlying their calculation, including the reasons for the sensitivity (c) the expected resolution of an uncertainty and the range of jolly possible outcomes within the next financial year in respect of the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities affected and (d) an explanation of changes made to past assumptions concerning those assets and liabilities, if the uncertainty endures unresolved.Other IFRSs require the disclosure of some of the assumptions that would otherwise be required in accordance with paragraph 125. For example, IAS 37 requires disclosure, in specified circumstances, of major assumptions concerning future military issues modify classes of provisions. IFRS 7 requires disclosure of significant assumptions the entity uses in estimating the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities that are carried at fair value.IAS 16 requires disclosure of significant assumptions that the entity uses in estimating the fair values of revalued items of property, plant and equipment. There are also some guidelines for reporting cost accounting information in IAS 2 Inventories. The objective of this warning is to prescribe the accounting treatment for inventories. A primary issue in accounting for inventories is the amount of cost to be accepted as an asset and carried forward until the cogitate revenues are treasure.This Standard provides counselor-at-law on the determination of cost and its subsequent recognition as an expense, including any write-down to net realizable value. It also provides guidance on the cost formulas that are used to assign costs to inventories. Measurement of inventories Inventories shall be measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost of inventories The cost of inventories shall carry all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.Costs of purchase The costs of purchase of inventories form the purchase determine, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently r ecoverable by the entity from the impose authorities), and transport, handling and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of perfect goods, materials and services. Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase. Costs of conversionThe costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of employment, such as direct labour. They also include a opinionated parceling of fixed and variable deed overheads that are incurred in converting materials into entire goods. Fixed production overheads are those indirect costs of production that remain relatively constant regardless of the intensiveness of production, such as wear and tear and maintenance of factory buildings and equipment, and the cost of factory management and administration.Variable production overheads are those indirect costs of production that vary directly, or nearly directly, with the volume of production, such as indirect materials and indirect labour. The allocation of fixed production overheads to the costs of conversion is based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. Normal capacity is the production expected to be achieved on second-rate over a number of periods or seasons under normal circumstances, taking into account the loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance.The actual level of production whitethorn be used if it approximates normal capacity. The amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production is not increased as a consequence of low production or idle plant. Unallocated overheads are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred. In periods of abnormally high production, the amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production is decreased so that inventories are not measured in a higher place cost.Variable production overheads are allocated to each unit of production on the basis of the actual use of the production fac ilities. A production process may result in more than one product being produced simultaneously. This is the case, for example, when knock products are produced or when there is a main product and a by-product. When the costs of conversion of each product are not separately identifiable, they are allocated between the products on a rational and consistent basis.The allocation may be based, for example, on the relative sales value of each product either at the stage in the production process when the products become separately identifiable, or at the completion of production. Most by-products, by their nature, are immaterial. When this is the case, they are often measured at net realisable value and this value is deducted from the cost of the main product. As a result, the carrying amount of the main product is not materially different from its cost. Disclosure of stock certificate in Financial Statesments The financial statements shall disclose a) the accounting policies adopted in cadence inventories, including the cost formula used (b) the total carrying amount of inventories and the carrying amount in classifications appropriate to the entity (c) the carrying amount of inventories carried at fair value less costs to sell (d) the amount of inventories recognised as an expense during the period (e) the amount of any write-down of inventories recognised as an expense in the period in accordance with paragraph 34 (f) the amount of any black eye of any write-down that is recognised as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognised as expense in the period in accordance with paragraph 34 (g) the circumstances or events that led to the reversal of a write-down of inventories in accordance with paragraph 34 and (h) the carrying amount of inventories pledged as security for liabilities. Information about the carrying amounts held in different classifications of inventories and the extent of the changes in these assets is useful to financial statement use rs. Common classifications of inventories are merchandise, production supplies, materials, work in progress and finished goods. The inventories of a service provider may be described as work in progress.The amount of inventories recognised as an expense during the period, which is often referred to as cost of sales, consists of those costs previously included in the measurement of scrutinize that has now been sold and unallocated production overheads and abnormal amounts of production costs of inventories. The circumstances of the entity may also warrant the inclusion of other amounts, such as dispersal costs. 3. 1 An overview of Beximco Pharma Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is a leading edge pharmaceutical company and is a member of the BEXIMCO Group, the Brobdingnagianst mysterious sector industrial conglomerate in Bangladesh. The strategic strengths of Beximco Pharma are its strong brand recognition, highly delicate work force and diversified business mix.Beximco Pharma brands Neoceptin R (Ranitidine), celery cabbage (Paracetamol), Amdocal (Amlodipine), Neofloxin (Ciprofloxacin), Bexitrol F (Salmeterol Plus Fluticasone), Bextrum Gold (Multivitamin and Multi Mineral) and Atova (Atorvastatin) are among the most recognized brands in the Bangladesh Pharmaceutical industry. Beximco Pharma started its operation in 1980, manufacturing products under the licenses of Bayer AG of Ger galore(postnominal) and Upjohn Inc. of USA and now has grown to become nations one of the leading pharmaceutical companies, supplying 15% of countrys total medicine need. Today Beximco Pharma manufactures and markets its own branded generics for almost all diseases from AIDS to cancer, from infection to asthma, from hypertension to diabetes, both nationally and transnationally.Beximco Pharma manufactures a range of dosage forms including tablets, capsules, dry syrup, powder, cream, ointment, suppositories, large volume intravenous fluids, metered dose inhalers etc. in several maide n manufacturing plants, ensuring high quality standards complying with the World Health Organization (WHO) approved current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). The recipient of three times gold national export trophy, Beximco Pharma is the largest exporter of pharmaceuticals from Bangladesh, spread head its presence in many underdeveloped and developed countries crossways the globe. Beximco Pharma is the only company in Bangladesh to receive this highest national laurels for export, for record three times. Beximco Pharma markets its brands through professional sales and market teams in African, Asian and European markets.It also supplies its products to renowned hospitals and institutions in many countries, including Raffles Hospital and K K Women & Children Hospital in Singapore, MEDS and Kenyatta subject area Hospital (KNH) in Kenya, Jinnah Hospital, Agha Khan Hospital and Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital in Pakistan. Beximco Pharma is also an enlisted supplier of WHO and UNICEF. Another important business operation of Beximco Pharma is the contract manufacturing for major international brands of leading multinational companies. Beximco Pharma is acclaimed domestically and internationally for its outstanding product quality, world class manufacturing facilities, product development capabilities and outstanding service.Beximco Pharma has a strong market focus and is anticipating continued future growth by leveraging business capabilities and developing superior product brands and markets. In particular the company is very interest in developing a strong export market in USA and Europe. To meet the future demand Beximco Pharma has invested US$ 50 million to build a new state-of-the-art manufacturing plant, confirming to USFDA and UK MHRA standards. This new plant will also offer contract-manufacturing facility to leading pharmaceutical companies, especially from Europe and US. 3. 2 Cost Accounting System of the company The company primarily uses batc h costing method in their costing system.As a pharmaceuticals manufacturing company they need to produce huge amount of product so here batch costing is appropriate for the company. Here it is cost effective and easy to calculation. Batch costing has the several advantages over other methods in regard of the providing following information -the analysis and the cost control at each cost generator -the operative management of each place generator of costs, the specification of the production and of the predicted costs and their control and recognition -the correct assessment of the produced stocks -determination of the efficiency obtained by the taken decisions. The company uses charge clean method in time of inventory valuation.They believe that it gives more accurate and clear picture of inventory. In this method it is very rough to manipulate and easy to calculate though it has a limitation that it sometimes cant represent inflation. 3. 3 Valuation of Inventories Inventories a re carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value as confirming by IAS 2 Inventories. Cost is determined on weighted average cost basis. The cost of inventories comprises of expenditure incurred in the normal course of business in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Net realizable value is based on estimated selling price less any hike costs expected to be incurred to make the sale.Cost included for the local raw materials purchased are 1) Procurement Cost. 2) Transportation Cost 3) buzzword Charge Cost included for the imported raw materials are 1) Procurement Cost 2) Bank Charge for Opening L/C 3) Insurance 4) Clearing from the carriage and 5) Transportation Cost. 3. 4 Disclosure of Inventory in Financial Statements According to IAS 2 Inventories, the troupe disclosed the following information regarding inventory (a) The Company uses weighted average method in measuring the inventories. (b) The total carrying amount of inventories is tk 1,7 39,818,419. The carrying amount of classified inventories for the last four years is given below Type 2005 2006 2007 2008Finished Goods 294,831,219 398,102,771 331,438,214 358,010,498 Work in Process 113,067,980 178,713,956 142,743,433 171,647,779 Raw textile 631,820,233 623,238,087 607,643,749 554,338,294 Packing veridical 212,162,685 200,227,273 188,571,634 187,608,219 Laboratory Chemical 465,253 2,163,268 2,673,958 3,719,853 Literature & promotional Material 9,456,983 44,474,997 49,039,537 67,024,325 Physician example 8,236,593 14,025,516 18,397,570 23,037,101 Raw & Packing Material in skip over 64,806,398 196,082,038 178,683,684 206,926,349 Stock of Stationery 1,569,863 2,537,415 2,162,958 4,092,814 Spares & Accessories 58,377,700 94,874,967 131,125,554 163,413,187 descend 1,394,794,907 1,754,440,288 1,652,480,291 1,739,818,419 (c) The carrying amount of inventory pledged as security for liabilities in 2007 is given below 2008 2007 Janata Bank Cash Credit- stipulation 1 49972631 165214805 Cash Credit- Hypothecation 666029415 628919853Total 816002046 794134658 legal injury Analysis Tender Announcement cookery Department I & I Service Approved? MRR & Production ending Return PM / PM to Supplier Quality GRR If Import If topical anaesthetic Opening LC Receive Performa Invoice Prepare Purchase Order lead C & F Agents Supervisions LC Receive or Store Materials Selection potential drop Suppliers Purchase Department Marketing and Sales Department (Forecast of Products) Analysis RM / PM Go for Production Material Available in Stock? Inventory musical rhythm 2007 2008 3. 5Cost of Goods Sold of the company 2007 2008 Material consumed by the company 2007 2008 3. 6 Factory Overhead of the Company 4.Contemporary cost accounting methods and techniques used by Beximco Pharma Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd is a leading company in our country. To compete with the other companies in the industry, Beximco Pharma uses several contemporary methods and techniques. Ma ss production of a mature product with known characteristics and a stable technology was the basis of traditional cost accounting models. Anyway, Beximco Pharma, with automation, lessened the labor content in manufacturing process while the other costs in the company are increased. Flexible manufacturing system Flexible manufacturing systems use computer controlled production processes, ncluding firedog/CAM programmable machine tools. Because flexible manufacturing reduces setup or changeover times, companies can expeditiously manufacture a wide variety of products in small batches. Though Beximco Pharma can adopt flexible manufacturing system, it merely reduces the size of the batch. Total quality management Total Quality Management refers (TQM) to the process of uninterrupted improvement to achieve the full customer satisfaction. Rather than waiting to glance items at the end of the production line or striving to continue within acceptable tolerance limit, TQMs goal is elimina ting all waste. In Beximco Pharma, quality is maintained with great care.As it is a pharmaceutical company, it is mandatory to continue up up with the quality level with the other companies. As a result, they have received GMP Clearance from Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia and from Gulf Central committal for Drug Registration, Executive Board of the Health Ministers Council for Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states (representing Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, joined Arab Emirates, Qatar and Oman). The company is also in the process of obtaining approvals from several other regulative authorities including National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) of Brazil, Medicine and health care Regulatory Agency of United Kingdom (UK MHRA), US FDA etc. alone in Time ConceptThe Just in Time (JIT) minimizes throughput time by emphasizing continuous improvements. JIT reduces inventories by achieving a continuous production process. In JIT system, employees keep on hand o nly the inventory postulate to production until the next order arrives. Having fewer goods in hand not only requires less warehouse spaces and entrepot equipment but also reduces inventory holding cost, while realizing productivity. For implementing JIT, company must need a strong supply chain system. In Beximco Pharma, they cant follow JIT because most of the inventory or raw materials are come from abroad so it is impossible to implement JIT in Beximco Pharma.If they want to implement JIT their cost will be higher rather than being lower because here fiat cost is very high as raw materials are imported. Beximco use EOQ model to determine their ordering size and they have large storage facilities. Pull Rather than push system Pull system refers to decision will come from downstream of management. The factory production line operates on a demand pull basis. A pull system can only work while manufacturing process can react to a pull system. However Beximco Pharma doesnt follow the pull system they use push system. The authority of Beximco Pharma believes that push system is more effective than pull in the mount of Bangladesh.Because of JIT is not possible in the firm, pull system is difficult to implement because in pull system it is believed that it is better not to produce unnecessary products and do not keep inventory in hand. Activity-Based Management The activity-based management system links resources intake to the activities a company performs and cost the activities to product or customers. Activity-based management uses activity based costing systems to measure and control this relationship. In Beximco Pharma there is no such use activity cost driver to measure the cost of a product. The traditional system is used to determine the cost of the product. Life Cycle CostingLife cycle costing tracks and determines the cost attributed to each product and service from its initial seek and development to development to final marketing to customer. In Bex imco Pharma, this type activities is done in mainly in the Central Product Management (CPM) Department. The activities of CPM are * Market research * Selection of new product * Design and testing of product (DTP) * Sample store (logistics) management * Making strategy The department deals with the controllable marketing variables, the 4ps. This department takes decisions in the following areas * Product Size, color, shape, packaging etc. * Price Raw materials cost, customer ability, regulatory bodys approval etc. Promotion Promotional aids include brochure, pads, folder, and plant visit by physicians, health-related people, students, and people of different student. Other than this department, in January, 2000, the Business Research Development department was established. The functions that are done by this department are * Outsourcing negotiated * New product study * New technology study * Project feasibility study * commercial message negotiation * Observing the world pharmac euticals market With these departments, Beximco Pharma determines the Life Cycle of the products. Target Costing Target costing is an approach which determines what a product or service should cost based on its sales price less a identify profit.Unlike traditional costing for making up cost, it is a market driven way of examining the relationship of price and cost. In Beximco Pharma, the use of Target Costing is very common to make the target for the cost of the product. Change In performance Evaluation The adoption of JIT, life cycle costing and other innovative techniques requires new performance evaluation techniques rather than traditional productivity measures because it is irrelevant in this context. The use of angiotensin converting enzyme short term profit measure may not be sufficient because it is not reliable indicator of managers ability. Profit may be increased by doing some activities which are not conform to companies boilers suit organizational goal.Goal Congruenc e this performance measures should encourage manager to achieve overall organizational goal. The Beximco Pharma does not explain the measurement of the performance of the employees. In general, some marketing employees get benefited if the sales volume is high. But the total performance evaluation system depends in the decision of the management. Concluding Remarks Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is a leading edge pharmaceutical company and is a member of the BEXIMCO Group, the largest private sector industrial conglomerate in Bangladesh. Beximco Pharma is also the largest exporter of pharmaceuticals from Bangladesh, spreading its presence in many developing and developed countries across the globe.Recently, BPL has successfully made its footmark in the global market when it made its intromission on the London Stock Exchange as the first Bangladeshi company to be listed in the worlds most prestigious bourse. This milestone event has widened the responsibility, accountability and trans parency of the company beyond geographical border. The listing adds new challenges to the staffs of Accounts & Finance department who are directly responsible for financial reporting to a diverse group of stakeholders both in national and international arena. In this report, we have tried my level best to identify cost accounting techniques and procedures used by Beximco Pharma.What and how Beximco Pharma use cost accounting information for decision making and external financial reporting along with describing the procedure and systems of using cost accounting information. In this report, we imply our acquired knowledge from cost accounting course and try to comply with the techniques procedure and systems followed by the company. Beximco believes that quality and control should be ensured and these can be ensured by using proper cost accounting information. Relevant and reliable cost information can be ensured by implementing by using effective cost accounting methods. And they do the best one fit in the context of Bangladesh. References 1.Horngren, Charles T. , Datar Srikant M. , Foster, G. Cost Accounting A Managerial undertake, Prentice Hall, Inc. twelfth Edition, 2007. 2. Rayburn, Latricia G. Cost Accounting Using A Cost Management Approach Irwin Book Team 6th Edition, 1996. 3. Hansen, Don R. , Mowen Maryanne M. Cost Management Accounting and Control South-Western College Pub 5th edition, 2005. 4. International Financial Reporting Standard International Accounting Standard Board as approved at 1 January, 2008. 5. http//www. beximco-pharma. com 6. http//britannica. com 7. http//en. wikipedia. org 8. http//www. bizmanualz. com 9. http//www. iasplus. com

Analysis of “The Overachievers” Essay

College use season can be the most nerve-racking period of time for any racy schoolhouse disciple. The combination of rue for not doing better in school, doubt in your own chances of admission, and the maintenance of rejection is enough to break even the most stable students. Author Alexandra Robbins, however, realized that the stress of college admission starts puff up before, as well as lingers well after, the actual application period. Through her observations, she concludes that the current education system is transforming students into GPA-obsessed, minute beings, and that the stresses of applying to a so-called prestigious university ache a multitude of forbid placement effects.Her first argument concerns how colleges and the entire application system as a whole is systematically turning flesh and blood students into hardly sets of song. She explains how students nowa mean solar days are only concerned about three meter racket their SAT rack up, their GPAs, and their class ranks. She goes on to explain that the obsession with these three numbers is causing students to lose sight of what high school is really meant for acquire a sufficient learning experience while preparing oneself for the trials of college life. Instead, high school has become a mad dash for the silk hat chances of being genuine into colleges. This trait is exemplified in AP Frank who, forcefully urged by his mother, took all 17 AP classes Whitman high have to offer, an inconceivable workload that required he skim his lunch period everyday.Going off on a tangent, Robbins in any case makes a point about the no child left git policy and severely criticizes it for forcing teachers to focus more on test scores rather than actually teaching. Early in the book, Robbins personifies her aversion to turning students into numbers in the form of college admissions counselors. She believes that this group of people is the epitome of why the application systems are so flawed, a nd first puts forth this idea by introducing the referee to Julies college counselor, Vera. Vera is so obsessed about her personal image and is so convinced that Julie will never be accepted into her dream college base solely on her grades and test scores that she drops Julie as a client.Robbins encourage argument that makes multiple appearances throughout the course of the book is the assertion that the high amounts of stress experiences by high school students today is actually deadly. In the quest to be accepted into a prestigious college, students today a tide over workloads that at times is too much, causing them to intellectually snap. In this case, an unsufferable workload is put onto AP Frank by his oppressive mother, which Robbins states is quite viridity in East Asian countries, but not all the overachievers have had their workload put onto them. Audrey, the perceived Perfectionist doesnt necessarily have as many reasons to be stressed as some of her classmates, but her mental state of having to do everything perfectly causes her to be under unnecessary stress.For example, it wasnt mandatory that she spend all of her weekends and free time constructing the perfect bridge for her physics class, but her tendency to always want to be the best made it so. She spent time in which she could have been relaxing or decompressing on working vigorously. The resulting stress has been known to cause student suicide rates to rise around the world. Back at home, Julie overly feels the effects as she notices that her hair has begun to fall out. She dismisses it as merely the side effects of her academically demanding life, but what she fails to realize is that stress-induced symptoms are the first signs of hard permanent damage and an increased likelihood that she will one day mentally break.Overall, Robbins points out increasingly detrimental flaws in our current education system, such as turning students into data and burdening them with potentially fatal workloads. She as well presents the information in a sense that allows the ref to connect with the students of Whitman gritty on an emotional level, which, in the long run, better help the reader understand the severity of the situation.

Presence of Others’ Effect on Behavior & Interpersonal Attraction

1- The presence of others can impact commonwealths behavior in many ways. For example, social facilitation is a adjoin where the presence of others causes you to perform better, but only on tasks that atomic number 18 abstemious for you during tasks that atomic number 18 difficult, the presence of others causes you to perform worse. Another way peoples behavior is impacted by the presence of others is social loafing, when people are put into a group to complete a task, each someone will perform less than they would if they were working alone.Deindividuation is some other example, where being trip of a group causes a soulfulness to lose their sense of identity element and have a reduction of constraints against deviant behavior. 2- Three factors that increase social attraction are the matching hypothesis, reciprocity, and the hard-to-get set. The matching hypothesis states that people are attracted to those who are equal or similar in physical attractive force having thi s balance allows both people to feel deserving of the relationship and unchanging in it.Reciprocity is an equal exchange of what we give and receive, for example, we like those who like us if someone is attracted to you and always very nice to you, youll like and respond to that by being nice back and potentially being attracted to them as well. The hard-to-get effect is having the tendency to prefer people who are more closed by and selective with their social choices, rather than those who welcome everyone so if one person is very picky with whom they date and only date few people, and another person will date anyone and everyone, we will try to date the person who is picky so that we feel that sense of accomplishment.

Language Obervation Essay

Setting The observation took ar localise in the kidskins home. The childs home is a semi-detached house in a housing estateImmediate Context This observation took place in the kitchen. TC is seated at the kitchen table finishing his homework. His scram is nearby washing up at the sink. The observation took place at 2.30 in the afternoon. An hour after TC returned home from nurture. TCs brother and sister are running around the kitchen while some other brother is sitting at the table playing Lego.Name of minor TCBrief description of the child TC is a anthropoid aged 6 years and 5 months. He has been in school since September 12 months ago. He has one older brother (aged nine) tercet young brothers (twin 3 year olds and a 2 year old) he hasa younger sister also (aged 2 years). Because of the number in his family he is very active and talkative.Aim of observation The aim of this observation is to observe TC for a period of time of 10 flashs in order to assess his linguistic process development.Observation TC is sitting on a chair at the kitchen table finishing morose his homework he is drawing objects that begin with I. He asks how to bend ice-cream, igloo and ice as these are the shapes hes drawing. He takes out a sheet filled with lyric to learn. He is promptly looking at his words and pronouncing them. TC has finished his homework and jam-packed away his bag. He takes out a sheet a paper.TC - A Daddy how do you spell IGLOO?A - TC I-G-L-O-OTC - A How do you spell ICE?A - TC I-C-ETC - A How do you spell ICE-CREAMA - TC ingenuous you already have ice on your page copy that prototypicTC - A but I need to spell ice-creamA - TC Write down ICE then put a then put C-R-E-AMTC - A OkayA - TC Are you finished now Ois?TC - A Wheres mamma Daddy?A - TC Show me, what it is?TC - A No its for Mammy, not you you wont know what to do with itA - TC ok shell be here in a minute shes gone to the bathroomA1 - TC whats wrong Oision?TC - A1 this is a letter for you from instructorA1 - TC whats it rough?TC - A1 The parent teacher meetingA1 - TC ok what have I to do with it?TC - A1 you have to read it and fill it out for teacherA1 - TC oh right okay you go on and play so, good boyEvaluationThe aim of this observation was to observe and record the language of TC, a six year old boy, for fifteen minutes as he finished his homework and engaged in conversation with his parents in order to gain a better understanding of his language development. I feel that I achieved this aim very well and that generally TCs language development appears to be within the normal range for his age.Certainly, TCs word pronunciation is accurate. He does make curt errors tough e.g. he says ate for eight. This is usual for his stage of development. turn children between four and five years pronounce most words correctly, they may show some immature sound substitutions (Flood 2010)One of the theorists I have studied is Skinner (1957), Skinner believed thatlearning, including language learning, occurs as a result of reinforcement.Another theorist I have studied is Bruner(1915-). Bruner believed first-hand construe allows children to develop their ideas and thinking, he called this enactive thinking.Bruner stress the importance of the childs environment in language development. He believes The adults and more(prenominal) able peers in a childs life provide what he calls a language acquisition support formation (LASS). Motherese, recasting, expanding and labelling all part of this system .Key stage of language developmentGross drive Skills sister tries to understand the meaning of words. The child uses adverbs and prepositions. The child talks confidently, and with more and more fluency. The child uses language creatively. The child adds vocabulary all the time. The child is an adventurer and communicator he or she begins to be able to define objects by their go bad for example, what is a bicycle you cycle a bicycle.Fine Motor Skills A yo ung child does not learn well in isolation from other children and adults. The child begins to share as he or she learns. Sharing sharpens and broadens the childs thinking. This helps the child to learn better for example, he begins to understand book language, and that stories have characters and a plot (the narrative). The child begins to cod that different situations require different ways of talking. The child establishes a sensory faculty of audience (who he or she is talking to).In summary, TCs language development in terms of both fine and realise motor skills seems to be just on target and have reached the developmental milestones expected for his age.Personal Learning Gained I learned more about childrens language development. I know understand the terminology of labelling, semantics, phrase structure, recasting and expanding. I learned that in order to do so accurately, a tape recording with transcription is advisable.References Child Care & schooling (5th Edition) (Bruce, Meggit, Grenier) Hodder Education Planning Play and the Early geezerhood (2nd Edition) (Penny Tassoni, Karen Hucker) Heinemann Child increase for Students in Ireland (Eilis Flood) Gill&Macmillan Education & Care in the Early Years (4th Edition) (Josephine Donohue & Frances Gaynor) Gill&Macmillan

Health Care Organizations Essay

The importance of wellness worry organizations, in microphone Morans hands is nothing less than to deliver quality c are. According to Mike, health care organizations require substantial resources to perform day-to-day operations, and achieve long-term, strategical goals. As the succeedr of Iowa parking lot and pastimeal Department, Mike is responsible for using his or her power selectively. He believes that understanding the risks, costs, and benefits of a health care organization is the key for managers to use his or her power effectively.The organization I rent chosen to interview, Iowa Park and Recreational Department, is a selectively gargantuan organization that contains forty-seven full-time employees and five-hundred temporary employees. The service area is al most(prenominal) five square miles and serves around 100,000 citizens of the Iowa City, Coralville area. Mike is the director and head of the Park and Recreational division. Under supervision, with some latit ude for independent action or decision, Mike is responsible for programs of divagational activities.Mike is responsible for six divisions parks, pastime, plant trees, central business districts, government building and cemetery. To attain this title, Mike achieved is unmarried mans detail and then went on to achieve his Masters degree from Northern Colorado. Some of the physical activities performed by Recreational Directors and environmental conditions experienced are demonstrating, teaching, leading and officiating at inexpert activities much(prenominal) as group teams, games, dances, and blade uping outdoors. Mike is required to work evenings, nights, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays.Although his rearing possibly landed Mike the concern, he truly believes that his love for the biotic community landed him to the advancement of director. However, Mike admits challenges arise at this position. According to him, the most frustrating challenge is maintain within his reckon . Mike makes this easier by introducing fundraising strategies to the community. He as well admits that working with people can sometimes challenge his role. reality relations are his downfall and require the most attention for improvement. Mike is responsible for the refreshment organizations daily operation.He in the main organizes and directs participants, schedule the use of facilities, animation records of equipment use, and ensure that recreation facilities and equipment are employ properly. In addition, they may lead classes and provide instruction in a recreational exertion. As a supervisor, Mike oversees recreation leaders and plan, organize, and manage recreational activities to meet the needs of a variety of populations. He to a fault directs special activities and events or oversees a major activity, such as aquatics, gymnastics, or one or to a greater extent performing arts.Mike develops and manages comprehensive recreation programs in parks, playgrounds, and oth er(a) settings. He serves as a technical consultant or State and local anaesthetic recreation and park commissions and is responsible for recreation and park budgets. Iowa Park and Recreational Division provides a variety of empty time recreational services, including organized activities to all populations. The professional staff of the Recreation Division provides purposeful recreation programming by utilizing departmental and other community facilities.This division strives to cooperate with all agencies and to coordinate activities with other recreational organizations in order to expand leisure time opportunities for the community. The recreational department strives to enhance the quality of life for the residents of Iowa City and surrounding area by providing cost effective quality programs and services, facilities, parks, open spaces, and information as an inborn link in creating a dynamic, vital community. Recreational opportunities and leisure-time pursuits are big fo r the residents in the area.Its important to also maintain your fiscal responsibilities. time interviewing Mike, he discussed how he is responsible for a seven point devil million dollar budget and also a C. I. P budget amid five and fifteen million every year. To be gnarly in these types of important responsibilities your train responsibilities need to be maintained to keep certification. To maintain it you need to get your C. E. U (continuing education unit) credit. Overall workout of recreation workers is projected to increase by 15 percent between 2012 and 2022, which is faster than the average for all occupations.Although people exit spend more time and money on recreation, budget restrictions in State and local government will limit the number of jobs added. Civic and social organizations and seaworthiness and sports centers will also contri only ife to growth. Growth will be impelled by the growing total of young and older Americans. The large numbers of births in re cent years likely will increase the require for recreation services for children, and retiring baby boomers are expected to have more leisure time, higher disposable incomes, and more concern for health and fitness than previous generations had.The latter factors should lead to an increasing demand for recreation services for baby boomers. Applicants for part-time, seasonal, and temporary recreation jobs should have good opportunities, but competition will remain keen for career positions because the recreation palm attracts m either applicants and because the number of career positions is limited compared with the number of lower direct seasonal jobs. Opportunities for staff positions should be best for people with formal training and experience in part-time or seasonal recreation jobs. proffer experience, part-time work during school, and a summer job are viewed favorably. Those with potash alum degrees should have the best opportunities for supervisory or administrative posit ions. Job openings will stem from growth and the need to replace the large numbers of workers who leave the occupation each year. The educational needs for people entering into this occupational field vary widely depending on the job and level of responsibility. For activity specialists, it is more important to have experience and demonstrated competence in a particular activity than to have a degree.Camp counselors a lot are older teenagers or young adults who have experienced dwell as a child and enjoy the camping experience. A degree is less important than the counselors maturity level, top executive to work well with children and teens, and ability to make sure that they stay safe. People planning careers in recreation should be outgoing, good at motivating people, and clarified to the needs of others. Excellent health and physical fitness often are required, due to the physical nature of some jobs. Time management and the ability to manage others also are important. Recre ation workers start their careers working with people.As they gain experience, they may get promoted to positions with greater responsibilities. Recreation workers with experience and managerial skills may advance to supervisory or managerial positions. Eventually, they may survive the director of a recreation department. When Mike was asked if he could make any changes, he was very concerned with the community and he would like to make them more aware of the activities the Park and Recreational Organization offers. He also wishes he could get more people involved in the job skill and allow people more opportunities for a career in recreation. DONT FORGET THE CONCLUSION

Relations Between Teenagers And Adults Essay

A common phrase that adults stomach testify to hearing from any habituated teenager is, You dont view This proves a struggle betwixt the early days and the adults that quite possibly is never- determinationing. Adults make assumptions about befools, based on the way they dress, which pushes kids further and further away. In the essay, Goths in Tomorrowland by doubting Thomas Hine (2001), he emphasizes the beliefs that adults began the idea of offspring alienation from older societies and the teenagers keep it that way. Donna Gaines (2001) essay, Teenage Wasteland, discusses four teenagers who were mocked and misunderstood by adults and reporters alike. Jon Katz (2001) lets the kids explain themselves about their seclusion from lodge and the misconceptions about them in his column, more from the Hellmouth Kids Tell About Rage. The panic that elders show towards young raft is entirely a fear of the unknown. Adults atomic number 18 worried about the junior generations bec ause of their misunderstandings of the youth culture, their failure to accept youth into the adult society, and the instigation provoked from young mass. Misunderstanding of youth hits the good luck between adults and teenagers. Many teenagers spend their whole teen experience distinct for some sensation to just understand them.A lot of them do not notwithstanding make it finished this experience because they give up timbre that no one knows what they are going through. Parents also fear for their kids because they do not understand them. A boy named Evan best explains this in to a greater extent from the Hellmouth Kids Tell About Rage. He says, People fear what they dont understand, and lets face it, the humanness . . . isnt something most people can understand . . . (Katz, 2001, p.81). I can remember going through hard times of changing schools so frequently and my parents thinking it was so easy for me. When in reality, it was the hardest thing to do. It is hard on a kid to have to make friends, move, and then start all over again. When I tried to talk to them about it, they could never watch where I was coming from or my point of view on anything. There is nothing that can be done for adults to be able to to the full understand the younger generation. It is just a gap that is placed there by humankind nature and this generation gap can never be fully understood.Regarding my experience mentioned earlier, I noticed that my parents made no effort to understand what I was feeling and how their decisions would affectme. That is what separated me from them, the fear of the unknown. The fact that the mass of adults make no effort to accept young people into their populace is no alien idea. The teenagers from Goths in Tomorrowland were not accepted by adults scarcely for the reason that the teens dressed differently from what was considered to be normal dress. They adults confuse thrashers with metalheads and goths because they all wear black. Then they assume that theyre all taking drugs and worshipping daystar (Hine, 2001, p.71). Adults do not understand that teenagers are constantly searching to limn themselves as individuals. Expression through clothing is a form of that. Yet, Hines article is not about merely how the teenagers dressed differently to press themselves, It is about the alienation of teenagers from adult society, and equally about the alienation of that society from its teenagers. The mere presence of teenagers threatens us adults (p. 69).Is it the idea that this young generation of gothic-dressed divinatory losers will be replacing the elders when their time is up that is so shivery? Or are the youth of today causing this boundary that is create by instigating the adults with things that they know scare them? The fault of the misunderstanding between youth and elders is not all due to the close-mindedness of adults. Young people draw adults to see them as irresponsible and immature by the way they act and conduct themselves. It is almost as if they are purposely trying to show the initiation that they are independent, young, and can do whatever they please. The body alterations that young people use to assert that they are no longer children successfully shake up grown-ups, still they also convince them these weird creatures are well short of being adults. The ring through the lip or the nipple merely seems to demonstrate that they are not ready for adult responsibility. What they provoke is not respect but restrictions. (Hine, 2001, p. 71)By showing off their ability to create their own identity, they are causing trouble for themselves. They should be able to show themselves freely, but instead they are left with no choice but to keep in and guard their emotions. Yet, by guarding their emotions by putting on these facades, they are actively guarding their psychic space because the adults controlled everything else (Gaines, 2001, p.66). Another thing that sometimes can sep arate youth from their adults is their inability to speak up. They are acrophobic that if they say what is on their mind or how theyare feeling that it could be used against them. According to Donna Gaines Teenage Wasteland, Like any other disaffect youth . . ., they dont like to talk to adults (p. 65). By talk of the town to adults, they are giving themselves away and whatever you they say can be held against you them (p. 65).Their deepest and darkest secrets should only be shared with someone who understands them. This game of misunderstanding contend between adults and youth has been going on since the beginning of time. They are considered to be in two different societies and it will be like that until the end of time. Adults do not completely understand teenagers and they never will. It is just the rectitude of being either an adult or a teenager. No one can understand both. Adults refuse to accept youth inside of their world and youth refuse to be a part of their elders w orld. It is a vicious cycle. Adults have to learn to let teenagers live their lives even when they feel like protecting their children.ReferencesGaines, Donna. (2001). Teenage Wasteland. In D. George & J. Trimbur (Ed.) Reading Culture. quaternate ed. (pp. 63-66). New York Longman. Hine, Thomas. (2001). Goths in Tomorrowland. In D. George & J. Trimbur (Ed.) Reading Culture. 4th ed. (pp. 68-73). New York Longman.. Katz, Jon. (2001). More from the Hellmouth Kids Tell About Rage. In D. George & J. Trimbur (Ed.) Reading Culture. 4th ed. (pp 78-83). New York Longman.

Human Growth And Development Essay

Week One Themes in DevelopmentPhysical During this st mount the barbarian is information to crawl and walk. sociable/ethnical The tike recognizes his/her p arnts as safe people. environmental Improving socials skills, growing friendships, improving self-confidence, and aiding the cargon giver. maturational A primaeval task of adolescence is to offend a ace of 1self as an autonomous individual.The contain for such impropriety derives from the internal, biological processes marking the passageway to a to a greater extent heavy(p) power (puberty and increasing cognitive maturity) and from the shifts in social roles and expectations that accompany these underlying physiological and cognitive dislodges. Spiritual It is difficult to disclose the sisters ghostly pauperisms because of their limited ability to communicate on a linguistic level. However, positive experiences of love and affection, and a stimulating environment may hold dear aspects of spirituality such as hope and security in an infant. y let outh infantren encompass the first three poses of Spiritual Development. apt This dot is inbred for determine the learning pattern of the child.This stage the child in homogeneous manner learns job solving skills. Emotional Growing in a safe and well-chosen environment is besides crucial for your childs long-term b inducement. The much(prenominal) exposure to these activities, the give out developed your childs spirit and skittish systems pull up stakes be in coping with what a harpness has to offer. Over every mirror image A stage is a period of snip, perhaps several eld, during which a individuals activities (at least in one broad domain) be capture certain characteristics in common (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). This model really says that people develop at different level and stages. Being a instructor I toilet agree with this theory. I can tell a change with 7th graders that I teach and see some maturity from the s tarting succession of the year to the end of the year. In the incremental model development is seen as a change that is made gradually over time. This is a stock to the stage model which views change as abrupt. (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) Both the incremental and the three-dimensional model believe that change takes place more gradually and continuously. (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) I presuppose that the bearing wheel can cooperate explain how as human finishedout our lives we evolve over time doneout our lives. It in addition can show at different parts of our lives we focus on one or more aspects of the feel wheel.ReferenceBroderick, P.C., & Blewitt, P. (2010). The sustenance get over world development for part professions (3rd ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc.Week ii The Early YearsPhysical When a child is born they get going developing specialism from large muscles to small muscles. When children are youth they ask to do umpteen activities t o strengthen their large and small muscles. Something I realize is that muscle skill development and maintaining healthy personate are essential in life later for reading, writing and math. Social/Cultural In this stage the child develop a comprehend of self and a experience of belonging to a family. They begin interacting with separate children and they likewise converge in stages ( acting alone, playing near new(prenominal)s only if not really playing with them, not wanting to share, playing and sharing, and playing with a purpose). This stage is in any case were the child also learn to respect the rights and feelings of separates. environmental A childs environment plays a big role in their development. video to different forms of activities that exercise the analytical and creative sides of the brain are all- serious(a). developmental (Week 1-3 only observation may include characteristics of this stage) Spiritual The pre-stage is infancy in advance & language and conceptual thought. Sometime between two and seven a child enters intuitive/projective faith marked by the rise of imagination, but lacks logic for questioning perceptions or fantasies.Next, children progress into mythic/literal faith. here(predicate) the child develops a way of dealing with the world and making importation that now criticizes and evaluates the previous stage of imagination and fantasy. Intellectual When a child is the brain is ready to learn and receive information. In essence the brain is like a computer, it has great potential for development. Having a great childishness greatly influences the way the child develops. Emotional Doing this period the child pass on realize that the world does not revolve around them. They learn to self-reliance and mistrust others. As toddlers, they become proud of things they accomplish and begin stating their opinions and desires. They also begin to learn to be away from their parents and they will often quantify participat e in the classroom. They also begin to bat issues that may fig out with others using words. They often control their angry and they learn that it is okay to figure out mistakes. Overall facial expression After reading about development through the early years, I think that emotional and environmental developments are the well-nigh vital during this period. When we are first conceived the environment is the number factor influencing us. Piaget believed that the sagacity createsits ingest familiarity.This constructivist stance takes the child to be an brisk participant in the learning process, constantly seeking out and trying to make sense of new information. (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) If you look at it from this point of view this is where teachers play an important part in making things catch the attention of students and making it compass them. New research is becoming available often over infant stock and recognition (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). This is true in the way that the environment plays a major role in the development process children are a product of their environment. The belief and behaviors of children are passed down from generation to generation. at that place are several things that I bewilder myself doing that both my mother and father do. I dedicate read research that says expectant mothers that read to their infants while in the womb flip smarter children. Erik Erickson believed that the early years of a childs life were important to their emotional well-being (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). He had stated that the child should be nurtured, loved, and traversed well to grow into an optimistic well rounded somebody (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) This is a very true being a teacher I see that the students that realize parents that are dynamical and show that they care and give birth their child they care see the most well rounded students that I teach. While the students that have the parents that are focused on other things tho se students are not as much well rounded and willing to think outside of the box.ReferenceBroderick, P.C., & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life span Human development for service professionals. (3rd ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc.Week Three Middle Childhood through Early AdolescencePhysical During the optic years, the childs growth treasure is somewhat dilatory than in previous years, and certainly less fast than the growth anticipated during adolescence. These changes contribute to the childs growing sense of competence in relation to his physical abilities and enhance his potential for move in sports, dance, gymnastics, and other physical pursuits. Social/Cultural A central task of adolescence is to develop a sense ofoneself as an autonomous individual. The drive for such autonomy derives from the internal, biological processes marking the transition to a more grown role (puberty and increasing cognitive maturity) and from the shifts in social roles and expec tations that accompany these underlying physiological and cognitive changes. Compared to children under age 10, teenagers are presumptuousness new opportunities to experience independence outside of the legal residence. They cash in ones chips much more unsupervised time with allys which (compared to adult-child relationships) are relatively meet in cost of inter person-to-person power and authority. At the same time, however, they insure to rely on the support and guidance offered by adults in the family, in school, and in community-based programs or activities.Environmental The environmental changes that students experience as they move into middle-grade schools are particularly harmful in that they emphasize competition, social comparison, and self-assessment at a time when the adolescents focus on himself or herself is at its height. The untried high schools emphasis on discipline and teacher control, and its limited opportunities for student decisiveness making, come at a time in development when adolescents are beginning to think of themselves as young adults who are becoming more responsible and deserve greater adult respect. A poor fit between the early adolescent and the classroom environment increases the risk of disengagement and school problems, especially for those early adolescents who were having problem succeeding in school academically prior to this school transition. Developmental A central task of adolescence is to develop a sense of oneself as an autonomous individual. The drive for such autonomy derives from the internal, biological processes marking the transition to a more adult role (puberty and increasing cognitive maturity) and from the shifts in social roles and expectations that accompany these underlying physiological and cognitive changes.Compared to children under age 10, teenagers are given new opportunities to experience independence outside of the home. They overhaul much more unsupervised time with matess which ( compared to adult-child relationships) are relatively equal in terms of inter person-to-person power and authority. At the same time, however, they continue to rely on the support and guidance offered by adults in the family, in school, and in community-based programs or activities. Spiritual Part of the childs development as an individual includes an emerging understanding of the lifecycleof birth, growth, aging, and death. at that place is an increasing awareness that life fits into a larger scheme of relationships among individuals, groups of people, other sustainment creatures, and the earth itself. School-age children become keenly interested in these topics, especially when confronted with personal experiences such as the birth of a sibling or the death of a grandparent. As children experience these events and learn to view their personal encounters as part of a larger whole, families and communities provide important structure. They prepare value systems that provide child ren with basic principles and encourage them to examine their personal actions in light of their impact on those around them.Intellectual The most important cognitive changes during early adolescence relate to the increasing ability of children to think abstractly, give the hypothetical as well as the real, consider multiple dimensions of a problem at the same time, and reflect on themselves and on mixed problems. There is also a steady increase in the sophistry of childrens information-processing and learning skills, their knowledge of different subjects, their ability to apply their knowledge to new learning situations, and their awareness of their own strengths and weaknesses as learners. These higher-order cognitive abilities help adolescents regulate their learning and behavior better to accomplish more modify and elaborate tasks. Emotional Children in this period need both the emancipation of personal expression and the structure of expectations and guidelines that they c an understand and accept. Opportunities to interact with other children during this period without excessive adult interference is important, although some neighborhoods or living arrangements restrict these chances. At the same time, children need to have positive interactions with adults, reinforcing their sense of self-esteem, self-worth, and belief in their capability of personal success Overall Reflection Adolescence and middle childhood, although a time for exploration and the excitement of freedom and gaining maturity, is also a time of struggle when teens lap endlessly to identify themselves and come to terms with forthcoming maturity date and separation from family (Berger, 2008).Changes in the intensity of peer relationships help the adolescents in self-discovery and surmount the difficulties of their heightened sense of self. Peer pressure supports the adolescent, although the filling of friends can be either a helpor a hindrance depending on the interests of the peers . Adolescence is a time of self-centeredness and self-consciousness when peer pressure can be immense. As teens face social pressures that include experimentation with drugs and other substances, sexuality, and a changing perspective on relationships, their virile social network and the guidance of familial alliances are powerful relationships that moderate stress during this time. These stages of development include significant changes physically, mentally, and emotionally. The choices made by individuals during these stages have both positive and negative consequences for the individual, his or her peers, and his or her families. Adolescence begins when a oversupply of hormones triggers puberty, usually between the age of 10 and 14. The release of sex-specific hormones of androgens and estrogens by the gonads make believe physical and psychological changes. Maturation and increased efficiency of organs and muscles heed a major growth spurt (Berger, 2008).ReferenceBerger, K. S . (2008). The developing person through the life span (7th ed.). New York WorthWeek iv Young to Middle maturenessPhysical In this stage young adults complete the process of physical maturation, usually attaining full adult height. unoriginal sexual characteristics, such as size of penis and breasts, are completed. Your organs and systems are all operating at lift efficiency in young adulthood, roughly ages 21 to 39. Your body has grown, and your physical potential is set. You can take advantage of that by eating correctly and by working(a) out to get slosheder. This is the time in life when you can reach your peak physically. The growth spurt that came during puberty set the ground work for what you are capable of becoming as a young adult. Your body will respond to activities such as running, cardio training, weight training and nutriment more predictably during young adulthood than it could when you were in puberty.Social/Cultural Some of the social changes include divorce, changes inemployment (either reaching the peak of career or being unemployable for being overqualified), caring for antique relatives, and difference in parental responsibilities (either taking them on for later life parents or starting over for some empty nest parents). Environmental The first major group includes young adults who move early into forming their own families and invest little in post-secondary education. Doing this period the young adult moves out of their parents home and begin to start their own home. Leaving the parental home to establish ones own residence, establishing financial independence, completing school, mournful into full-time employment, getting married, and becoming a parent are considered observe markers of adulthood (Booth, Crouter, and Shanahan, 1999). Occupational (Week 4 and 5) During this stage young adults move into adult roles and responsibilities and may learn a trade, work, and/or pursue higher education. They identify career goals and pre pare to achieve them. SpiritualIntellectual In this stage of life adults fully understand abstract concepts and are aware of consequences and personal limitations. Often times they secure their autonomy and build and test their decision making skills. Often they develop new skills, hobbies, and adult interests.Emotional Doing this stage of life children become adults, they move into adult relationships with their parents. They begin to see their friends as a less important and begin to think for themselves. They are more empathetic and have greater intimacy skills. Carry some feelings of invincibility. dedicate lasting self image and begin to feel self-worth.Overall Reflection Middle adulthood is a complex time period that requires a multidimensional outlook to understand all of the processes and changes that are taking place. The many changes during middle adulthood include physical, cognitive and social differences. During middle adulthood biological and physical changes become a pparent. During this time visual perception, hearing and the productive system decline. Adults who have never worn glasses or bear on lenses may start needing visual correction. During this time adults may also need more light to see than their younger friends. However, the actual time when one is considered an adult variesfrom theorists to theorists and can range anywhere from 18 to 25 years of age (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). There are also cognitive changes during middle adulthood. There is a mixed pattern of positive and negative changes in cognitive abilities. Processing speed starts to decrease during this time period however glace thought does not decline until elderly age Working memory begins to decline however semantic memory continues to increase as we learning throughout our older years. Theorists such as Schaie, Erikson, Vaillant, Levinson, Jung, Gould, and soon have all described stages or phases in life- task change (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). Theorist have show n that all adults seem to go through the same stages of changes in middle adulthood (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010).ReferenceBroderick, P.C., & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life span Human development for helping professionals. (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJPearson Education, Inc.Week Five Late AdulthoodPhysical Often times the person become less active and the health begin declining. Sometimes at this age you will key out older people that are very active and in better shape than some of the younger adults. Social/Cultural The person has friends that they spend most of their time with and are very comfortable with the person that they are. Environmental Often times at this age you will find older parents living at home with their students or either in a personal care home. Occupational (Week 4 and 5) Doing this stage in life the person has either retired from the career or job. Sometimes you will find older adults retired but working part time to remain active in not settle with the end of life. Spiritual Most older adults often face many losses as they age, so doing the life-time they often turn to religion and to spirituality as ways to handle their losses. A lot of older adults can often quote spirituals from the bible. Intellectual Doing this stage the mind gets weaker. They become unable to react quickly, or solve puzzles quickly than they could when they were younger. They dont think less, just become slower Emotional Sometimes in this age the olderadult is set about with depression since they often have faced many losses be that from children, spouses, and/or friends.Overall Reflection Erikson felt that much of life is preparing for the middle adulthood stage and the last stage is recovering from it. Perhaps that is because as older adults we can often look back on our lives with gladness and are content, feeling fulfilled with a deep sense that life has meaning and weve made a contribution to life, a feeling Erikson calls integrity. Our strength comes f rom a wisdom that the world is very large and we now have a detached concern for the whole of life, accepting death as the completion of life. Aging starts during the middle adult stage then it will continue to intensify until the person reaches the end. As aging progress, the body also progress, we slowly die as our neurons in the brain die, and our skins sag. Aging is necessary it happens to everybody, we suggest that we should be happy up to the last day we live and not live in the stage of Erikson, which is the despair.Maintaining good health becomes more challenging with age, as the immune system becomes progressively less rough-and-readyand as the cardiovascular, respiratory, and organ systems function less adequately (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). On the other hand, some adults may reach this stage and despair at their experiences and perceive failures. They may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to their lives, wondering Was the trip worth it? Alternatively, they may feel they have all the answers (not unlike going back to adolescence) and end with a strong dogmatism that only their view has been correct.ReferenceBroderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life span Human development for helping professionals (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River Pearson Education, Inc.FINAL COURSE criticismThis course overall was a good course. This course gave me insight to life changes that we all go through over the course of their lives. The course also reflects over the age group I am currently pedagogy and as to why they are acting the way they do. I like the flow of the course and the things that it emphasized on.